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[> London's Finest Escort Agency -- Spicemaster, 17:32:26 08/07/07 Tue

History of London escorts
London escorts has a recorded history that goes back over 2,000 years. During this time, it has experienced plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment and terrorist attacks, yet, it has still grown to become one of the financial and cultural capitals of the world. See City of London escorts for details on the historic core of London escorts.


St Paul's Cathedral during The BlitzContents [hide]
1 Legendary foundations and prehistoric London escorts
2 Roman London escorts
3 Anglo-Saxon London escorts
4 Norman and Medieval London escorts
5 Tudor London escorts (1485-1603)
6 Stuart London escorts (1603–1714)
7 18th century London escorts
8 19th century London escorts
9 20th century London escorts
9.1 London escorts from 1900 to World War II
9.2 London escorts in World War II
9.3 London escorts 1945–2000
10 21st century London escorts
11 Population
12 Historical places of note in London escorts
13 Notes
14 See also
15 External links



Legendary foundations and prehistoric London escorts
According to the legendary Historia Regum Britanniae, of Geoffrey of Monmouth, London escorts was founded by Brutus of Troy after he defeated the incumbent giants Gog and Magog and was known as Caer Troia, Troia Nova, or New Troy, which, according to a pseudo-etymology, was corrupted to Trinovantum. (In reality the Trinovantes were the Iron Age tribe who inhabited the area prior to the Romans). Geoffrey provides prehistoric London escorts with a rich array of legendary kings, such as King Lud who, he claims, renamed the town CaerLudein, from which London escorts was derived, and was buried at Ludgate.

However, despite intensive excavations, archaeologists have found no evidence of a prehistoric major settlement in the area. There have been scattered prehistoric finds, evidence of farming, burial and traces of habitation, but nothing more substantial. It is now considered unlikely that a pre-Roman city existed, but as some of the Roman city remains unexcavated, it is still just possible that some settlement may have yet to be discovered.

So, during prehistoric times, London escorts was most likely a rural area with scattered settlement. Rich finds such as the Battersea Shield, found in the Thames near Chelsea, suggest the area was important; there may have been important settlements at Egham and Brentford, and there was a hillfort at Uppall, but no city in the area of the Roman London escorts, the present day City of London escorts.

Numerous finds[1] have been made of spear heads and weaponry from the Bronze and Iron ages near the banks of the Thames in the London escorts area, many of which had clearly been used in battle. This suggests that the Thames was an important tribal boundary.

In 2002 a dig for the Channel 4 series Time Team unearthed a series of timbers driven vertically into the ground on the south bank of the Thames next to the SIS Building in Vauxhall which suggests the presence of a bridge or jetty 3000 years ago [2].


Roman London escorts

Carausius coin from Londinium mint.Main article: Roman London escorts
Londinium was established as a civilian town by the Romans about seven years after the invasion of AD 43. The name Londinium is thought to be pre-Roman (and probably pre-Celtic[citation needed]) in origin although there has been no consensus on what it means, possibly something like "the flowing river".[citation needed]

Early Roman London escorts occupied a relatively small area, roughly equivalent in size to Hyde Park. In around AD 60, it was sacked by the Iceni led by their queen Boudica. However, the city was quickly rebuilt as a planned Roman town and recovered after perhaps 10 years, the city growing rapidly over the following decades. During the 2nd century Londinium was at its height and replaced Colchester as the capital of Roman Britain (Britannia). Its population was around 60,000 inhabitants. It boasted major public buildings, including the largest basilica north of the Alps, a governor's palace, temples, bath houses, amphitheatre and a large fort for the city garrison. Political instabillity and recession from the 3rd century onwards, however, led to a slow decline.

At some time between 190 and 225 AD the Romans built the defensive London escorts Wall - around the landward side of the city. The wall was about 3 kilometres (2 miles) long, 6 metres (20 feet) high, and 2.5 metres (8 feet) thick.

In the late 3rd century, Londinium was raided on several occasions by Saxon pirates[citation needed]. This led, from around 255 onwards to the construction of an additional riverside wall. The wall would survive for another 1,600 years and define London escorts's perimeters for centuries to come. Six of the traditional seven city gates of London escorts are of Roman origin, namely: Ludgate, Newgate, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, Bishopsgate and Aldgate (Moorgate is the exception, being of medieval origin).

By the 5th century the Roman Empire was in rapid decline, and in 410 AD the Roman occupation of Britain came to an end. Following this, the Roman city went into rapid decline and by the end of the century had been practically abandoned.


Anglo-Saxon London escorts
Main article: Anglo-Saxon London escorts
Following the virtual abandonment of the Roman city, the area's strategic location on the River Thames meant that the site was not deserted for long. From the 6th century, Anglo-Saxons began to inhabit the area.

Although early Anglo-Saxon settlement avoided the area immediately around Londinium, there was occupation on a small scale of much of the hinterland on both sides of the river. There is no contemporary literary evidence, but the area must for some time have been an active frontier between Saxons and Britons. From the mid-6th century, the London escorts area was incorporated into the East Saxons kingdom, which extended as far west as St Albans and included all of later Middlesex, and probably Surrey too for a time. In 604 Saeberht of the East Saxons converted to Christianity and London escorts received Mellitus, its first post-Roman bishop. At this time Essex owed allegiance to the Bretwalda Ζthelberht of Kent, and it was under Ζthelberht that Mellitus founded the first St. Paul's Cathedral, traditionally said to be on the site of an old Roman Temple of Diana (although Christopher Wren found no evidence of this). This would have only been a modest church at first and may well have been destroyed after he was expelled from the city by Saeberht's pagan successors.

Later in the 7th Century a Saxon village and trading centre named Lundenwic ("London escorts settlement")[3] was established approximately one mile to the west of Londinium. The new town came under direct Mercian control in c.730 as the East Saxon kingdom of which it had once been part was gradually reduced in size and status. Mercian lordship was replaced by that of Wessex after 825.


Alfred the GreatViking attacks dominated most of the 9th century, and such attacks became increasingly common from around 830 onwards. There were attacks on London escorts in 842 and 851. In 865 the Viking "Great Heathen Army" launched a large scale invasion of East Anglia, and by 871 they had reached London escorts, and are believed to have camped within the old Roman walls during the winter of that year. Although it is unclear what happened during this time, London escorts may have come under Viking control for a period. In 878 however, English forces led by King Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington and forced the Viking leader Guthrum to sue for peace. English rule in London escorts was restored and within ten years settlement within the old Roman walls was re-established to improve defences, but known as Lundenburgh. The Roman walls were repaired and the defensive ditch re-cut. As the focus of the city was moved back to within the old Roman walls, the older settlement of Lundenwic gained the name of ealdwic or "old settlement". The name survives today as Aldwych.

Alfred appointed his son-in-law Earl Aethelred of Mercia, who was the heir to the destroyed Kingdom of Mercia, as Governor of London escorts and established two defended Boroughs to defend the bridge which was probably rebuilt at this time. The southern end of the Bridge was established as the Borough of Southwark or Suthringa Geworc (defensive work of the men of Surrey) as it was originally known. From this point, the City of London escorts began to develop its own unique local government.

After Aethelred's death, London escorts came under the direct control of English kings. By the early 10th century London escorts had become an important commercial centre. Although the capital of the Kingdom of England was in Winchester, London escorts became increasingly important as a political centre. King Aethelstan held many Royal Councils in London escorts and issued laws from there. King Aethelred the Unready favoured London escorts as his capital and issued the Laws of London escorts there in 978.

It was during the reign of Aethelred that Viking raids began again, led by King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark. London escorts was unsuccessfully attacked in 994, but numerous raids followed. By 1013 London escorts was being besieged and Aethered fled abroad. King Sven died but his son Canute continued the attacks and eventually overran the city.

A Norse saga tells of a battle during the Viking occupation where Aethelred returned to attack Viking-occupied London escorts. According to the sage, the Danes lined London escorts Bridge and showered the attackers with spears. Undaunted, the attackers pulled the roofs off nearby houses and held them over their heads in the boats. Thus protected, they were able to get close enough to the bridge to attach ropes to the piers and pull the bridge down, thus ending the Viking occupation of London escorts. There is some speculation that the nursery rhyme "London escorts Bridge is falling down" stems from this incident.

The Vikings however returned and Aethelred's son Edmund Ironside initially managed to hold back the invaders. However, he was eventually forced to share power with Canute. When Edmund died Canute became the sole King of England. After two short lived Danish kings, the Anglo-Saxon line was restored when Canute's step-son Edward the Confessor took up the throne in 1042.

Following Edward's death, no clear heir was apparent, and his cousin, Duke William of Normandy, claimed the throne. The Royal Council, however, met in the city and elected the dead King's brother-in-law, Harold Godwinson as King. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey. William, outraged by this, then sent an army to invade England.


Norman and Medieval London escorts
Main article: Norman and Medieval London escorts

London escorts in 1300.The Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 is usually considered to be the beginning of the Medieval period. William, Duke of Normandy, killed English king Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings. Although he burnt down Southwark, south of the bridge, he avoided London escorts, instead waiting to the north-west at Berkhamsted until the city officials in London escorts recognised him as King. They quickly did so, and William responded by granting the city a formal charter.

Under William (now known as William the Conqueror) several royal forts were constructed along the riverfront of London escorts (the Tower of London escorts, Baynard's Castle and Montfichet's Castle) to defend against seaborne attacks by Vikings and prevent rebellions. William the Conqueror also granted a charter in 1067 upholding previous Saxon rights, privileges and laws. Its growing self-government became firm with election rights granted by King John in 1199 and 1215.

In 1097 William Rufus, the son of William the Conqueror began the construction of 'Westminster Hall'. The hall was to become the basis of the Palace of Westminster which, throughout the Mediζval period, was the prime royal residence.


The Tower of London escorts.In 1176 construction began of the most famous incarnation of London escorts Bridge (completed in 1209) which was built on the site of several earlier wooden bridges. This bridge would last for 600 years, and remained the only bridge across the River Thames until 1739.

May 1216 saw the last time that London escorts was truly occupied by a continental armed force, during the First Barons' War. This was when the young Louis VIII of France marched through the streets to St Paul's Cathedral. Throughout the city and in the cathedral he was celebrated as the new ruler.

It was expected that this would free the English from the tyranny of King John. This was only temporarily true. The barons supporting the 29-year old French prince decided to throw their support back to an English king when John died. Over the next several hundred years, London escorts would shake off the heavy French cultural and linguistic influence which had been there since the times of the Norman conquest. The city, like Dover, would figure heavily into the development of Early Modern English.

During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 led by Wat Tyler, London escorts was invaded. A group of peasants stormed the Tower of London escorts and executed the Lord Chancellor, Archbishop Simon Sudbury, and the Lord Treasurer. The peasants looted the city and set fire to numerous buildings. Tyler was stabbed to death by the Lord Mayor William Walworth in a confrontation at Smithfield, thus ending the revolt.

During the medieval period London escorts grew up in two different parts. The nearby up-river town of Westminster became the Royal capital and centre of government, whereas the City of London escorts became the centre of commerce and trade. The area between them became entirely urbanised by 1600.

Trade and commerce grew steadily during the Middle Ages, and London escorts grew rapidly as a result. In 1100 London escorts's population was little more than 15,000. By 1300 it had grown to roughly 80,000. Trade in London escorts was organised into various guilds, which effectively controlled the city, and elected the Lord Mayor of London escorts.

Medieval London escorts was made up of narrow and twisting streets, and most of the buildings were made from combustible materials such as wood and straw, which made fire a constant threat. Sanitation in London escorts was poor. London escorts lost at least half of its population during the Black Death in the mid-14th century. Between 1348 and the Great Plague of 1666 there were sixteen outbreaks of plague in the city.


Tudor London escorts (1485-1603)
Main article: Tudor London escorts

John Norden's map of London escorts in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.The Tudor period from 1485 until 1603 was a dramatic period of English history. Three of the monarchs of the Tudor dynasty (Henry VII, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I) played important roles in transforming England from a comparatively weak European backwater into a powerful state that in the coming centuries would dominate much of the world. The period saw the end of the War of the Roses the English Reformation and the Elizabethan era.

The Reformation produced little bloodshed in London escorts, with most of the higher classes co-operating to bring about a gradual shift to Protestantism. Before the Reformation, more than half of the area of London escorts was occupied by monasteries, nunneries and other religious houses, and about a third of the inhabitants were monks, nuns and friars. Thus Henry VIII’s “Dissolution of the Monasteries” had a profound effect on the city as nearly all of this property changed hands. The process started in the mid 1530s, and by 1538 most of the larger houses had been abolished. Holy Trinity Aldgate went to Lord Audley, and the Marquess of Winchester built himself a house in part of its precincts. The Charterhouse went to Lord North, Blackfriars to Lord Cobham, the leper hospital of St Giles to Lord Dudley, while the king took for himself the leper hospital of St James, which was rebuilt as St James's Palace.[4]

The period saw London escorts was rapidly rising in importance amongst Europe’s commercial centres, its many small industries were booming, especially weaving. Trade expanded beyond Western Europe to Russia, the Levant, and the Americas. This was the period of mercantilism and monopoly trading companies such as the Russia Company (1555) and the British East India Company (1600) were established in London escorts by Royal Charter. The latter, which ultimately came to rule much of India, was one of the key institutions in London escorts, and in Britain as a whole, for two and a half centuries. In 1572 the Spanish destroyed the great commercial city of Antwerp, giving London escorts first place among the North Sea ports. Immigrants arrived in London escorts not just from all over England and Wales, but from abroad as well, for example Huguenots from France; the population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605[5].

The late 16th century, when William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived and worked in London escorts, was one of the most lustrous periods in the city’s cultural history. There was considerable hostility to the development of the theatre however. Public entertainments produced crowds, and crowds were feared by the authorities because they might become mobs, and by many ordinary citizens who dreaded that large gatherings might contribute to the spread of plague. Theatre itself was discountenanced by the increasingly influential Puritan strand in the nation. However, Queen Elizabeth loved plays, which were performed for her privately at Court, and approved of public performances.

During the mostly calm later years of Elizabeth's reign, some of her courtiers and some of the wealthier citizens of London escorts built themselves country residences in Middlesex, Essex and Surrey. This was an early stirring of the villa movement, the taste for residences which were neither of the city nor on an agricultural estate, but when the last of the Tudors died in 1603, London escorts was still very compact.


Stuart London escorts (1603–1714)
Main article: Stuart London escorts

A panorama of London escorts by Claes Van Visscher, 1616. Old St Paul's had lost its spire by this time. The two theatres on the foreground (Southwark) side of the Thames are The Bear Garden and The Globe. The large church in the foreground is St Mary Overie, now Southwark Cathedral.
London escorts's expansion beyond the boundaries of the City was decisively established in the 17th century. In the opening years of that century the immediate environs of the City, with the principal exception of the aristocratic residences in the direction of Westminster, were still considered insalubrious. Immediately to the north was Moorfields, which had recently been drained and laid out in walks, but it was frequented by beggars and travellers, who crossed it in order to get into London escorts, tried not to linger. Adjoining Moorfields were Finsbury Fields, a favourite practising ground for the archers. Mile End, then a common on the Great Eastern Road, was famous as a rendezvous for the troops.

The preparations for the coronation of King James I were interrupted by a severe plague epidemic, which may have killed over thirty thousand people. The Lord Mayor's Show, which had been discontinued for some years, was revived by order of the king in 1609. The dissolved monastery of the Charterhouse, which had been bought and sold by the courtiers several times, was purchased by Thomas Button for £13,000. The new hospital, chapel, and schoolhouse were begun in 1611. Charterhouse School was to be one of the principal public schools in London escorts until it moved to Surrey in Victorian times, and the site is still used as a medical school.

The general meeting-place of London escortsers in the day-time was the nave of Old St. Paul's Cathedral. Merchants conducted business in the aisles, and used the font as a counter upon which to make their payments; lawyers received clients at their particular pillars; and the unemployed looked for work. St Paul's Churchyard was the centre of the book trade and Fleet Street was a centre of public entertainment. Under James I the theatre, which established itself so firmly in the latter years of Elizabeth, grew further in popularity. The performances at the public theatres were complemented by elaborate masques at the royal court and at the inns of court.

Charles I acceded to the throne in 1625. During his reign aristocrats began to inhabit the West End in large numbers. In addition to those who had specific business at court, increasing numbers of country landowners and their families lived in London escorts for part of the year simply for the social life. This was the beginning of the "London escorts season". Lincoln's Inn Fields, was built about 1629. The piazza of Covent Garden, designed by England's first classically trained architect Inigo Jones followed in about 1632. The neighbouring streets were built shortly afterwards, and the names of Henrietta, Charles, James, King and York Streets were given after members of the royal family.


Chronicler of Stuart London escorts, Samuel PepysIn January 1642 five members of parliament whom the King wished to arrest were granted refuge in the City. In August of the same year the King raised his banner at Nottingham, and during the English Civil War London escorts took the side of the parliament. Initially the king had the upper hand in military terms and in November he won the Battle of Brentford a few miles to the west of London escorts. The City organised a new makeshift army and Charles hesitated and retreated. Subsequently an extensive system of fortifications was built to protect London escorts from a renewed attack by the Royalists. This comprised a strong earthen rampart, enhanced with bastions and redoubts. It was well beyond the City walls and encompassed the whole urban area, including Westminster and Southwark. London escorts was not seriously threatened by the royalists again, and the financial resources of the City made an important contribution to the parliamentarians victory in the war.

The unsanitary and overcrowded City of London escorts has suffered from the numerous outbreaks of the plague many times over the centuries, but in Britain it is the last major outbreak which is remembered as the "Great Plague" It occurred in 1665 and 1666 and killed around 60,000 people, which was one fifth of the population. Samuel Pepys chronicled the epidemic in his diary. On the 4 September 1665 he wrote "I have stayed in the city till above 7400 died in one week, and of them about 6000 of the plague, and little noise heard day or night but tolling of bells."

The Great Plague was immediately followed by another catastrophe, albeit one which helped to put an end to the plague. On the Sunday, 2 September 1666 the Great Fire of London escorts broke out at one o'clock in the morning at a house in Pudding Lane in the southern part of the City. Fanned by an eastern wind the fire spread, and efforts to arrest it by pulling down houses to make firebreaks were disorganised to begin with. On Tuesday night the wind fell somewhat, and on Wednesday the fire slackened. On Thursday it was extinguished, but on the evening of that day the flames again burst forth at the Temple. Some houses were at once blown up by gunpowder, and thus the fire was finally mastered. The Monument was built to commemorate the fire: for over a century and a half it bore an inscription attributing the conflagration to a "popish frenzy".


John Evelyn's plan for the rebuilding of London escorts after the Great Fire.The fire destroyed about 60% of the City, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, 87 parish churches, 44 livery company halls and the Royal Exchange. However the number of lives lost was surprisingly small; it is believed to have been 16 at most. Within a few days of the fire, three plans were presented to the king for the rebuilding of the city, by Christopher Wren, John Evelyn and Robert Hooke. Wren proposed to build main thoroughfares north and south, and east and west, to insulate all the churches in conspicuous positions, to form the most public places into large piazzas, to unite the halls of the 12 chief livery companies into one regular square annexed to the Guildhall, and to make a fine quay on the bank of the river from Blackfriars to the Tower of London escorts. Wren wished to build the new streets straight and in three standard widths of thirty, sixty and ninety feet. Evelyn's plan differed from Wren's chiefly in proposing a street from the church of St Dunstan's in the East to the St Paul's, and in having no quay or terrace along the river. These plans were not implemented, and the rebuilt city generally followed the streetplan of the old one, and most of it has survived into the 21st century.


Richard Blome's map of London escorts (1673). The development of the West End had recently begun to accelerate.Nonetheless, the new City was different from the old one. Many aristocratic residents never returned, preferring to take new houses in the West End, where fashionable new districts such as St. James's were built close to the main royal residence, which was Whitehall Palace until it was destroyed by fire in the 1690s, and thereafter St. James's Palace. The rural lane of Piccadilly sprouted courtiers mansions such as Burlington House. Thus the separation between the middle class mercantile City of London escorts, and the aristocratic world of the court in Westminster became complete. In the City itself there was a move from wooden buildings to stone and brick construction to reduce the risk of fire. The Act of Parliament "for rebuilding the city of London escorts" stated "building with brick [is] not only more comely and durable, but also more safe against future perils of fire". From then on only doorcases, window-frames and shop fronts were allowed to be made of wood.

Christopher Wren's plan for a new model London escorts came to nothing, but he was appointed to rebuild the ruined parish churches and to replace St Paul's Cathedral. His domed baroque cathedral was the primary symbol of London escorts for at least a century and a half. As city surveyor, Robert Hooke oversaw the reconstruction of the City's houses. The East End, that is the area immediately to the east of the city walls, also became heavily populated in the decades after the Great Fire. London escorts's docks began to extend downstream, attracting many working people who worked on the docks themselves and in the processing and distributive trades. These people lived in Whitechapel, Wapping, Stepney and Limehouse, generally in slum conditions.

In the winter of 1683–4 a frost fair was held on the Thames. The frost, which began about seven weeks before Christmas and continued for six weeks after, was the greatest on record. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, led to a large migration on Huguenots to London escorts. They established a silk industry at Spitalfields.

At this time the City of London escorts was becoming the world's leading financial centre, superseding Amsterdam in primacy. The Bank of England was founded in 1694, and the British East India Company was expanding its influence. Lloyd's of London escorts also began to operate in the late 17th century. In 1700 London escorts handled 80% of England's imports, 69% of its exports and 86% of its re-exports. Many of the goods were luxuries from the Americas and Asia such as silk, sugar, tea and tobacco. The last figure emphasises London escorts's role as an entrepot: while it had many craftsmen in the 17th century, and would later acquire some large factories, its economic prominence was never based primarily on industry. Instead it was a great trading and redistribution centre. Goods were brought to London escorts by England's increasingly dominant merchant navy, not only to satisfy domestic demand, but also for re-export throughout Europe and beyond.

William III cared little for London escorts, the smoke of which gave him asthma, and after the first fire at Whitehall Palace (1691) he purchased Nottingham House and transformed it into Kensington Palace. Kensington was then an insignificant village, but the arrival of the court soon caused it to grow in importance. The palace was rarely favoured by future monarchs, but its construction was another step in the expansion of the bounds of London escorts. During the same reign Greenwich Hospital, then well outside the boundary of London escorts, but now comfortably inside it, was begun; it was the naval complement to the Chelsea Hospital for former soldiers, which has been founded in 1681. During the reign of Queen Anne an act was passed authorising the building of 50 new churches to serve the greatly increased population living outside the boundaries of the City of London escorts.


18th century London escorts
Main article: 18th century London escorts

A view of London escorts from the east in 1751The 18th century was a period of rapid growth for London escorts, reflecting an increasing national population, the early stirrings of the Industrial Revolution, and London escorts's role at the centre of the evolving British Empire.

In 1707 an Act of Union was passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain. A year later, in 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral was completed on his birthday. However, the first service had been held on December 2, 1697; more than 10 years earlier! This Cathedral replaced the original St. Paul's which had been completely destroyed in the Great Fire of London escorts. This building is considered one of the finest in Britain and a fine example of Baroque architecture.


The Clock Tower of Wren's St. Paul's CathedralDuring the Georgian period London escorts spread beyond its traditional limits at an accelerating pace. New districts such as Mayfair were built for the rich in the West End, new bridges over the Thames encouraged an acceleration of development in South London escorts and in the East End, the Port of London escorts expanded downstream from the City. During this period was also the uprising of the American colonies. In 1780, the Tower of London escorts held its only American prisoner, former President of the Continental Congress, Henry Laurens. In 1779 he was the Congress's representative of Holland, and got the country's support for the Revolution. On his return voyage back to America, the Royal Navy captured him and charged him with treason after finding evidence of a reason of war between Great Britain and the Netherlands. He was released from the Tower on December 21, 1781 in exchange for General Lord Cornwallis.

In 1762 George III acquired Buckingham Palace (then known as "house") from the Duke of Buckingham. It was enlarged over the next 75 years by architects such as John Nash. It would not be until the 19th century, however, that the palace would become the principle London escorts royal residence.

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[> [> Re: London's Finest Escort Agency -- Spicemaster, 17:33:36 08/07/07 Tue

Buckingham Palace as it appeared in the 17th century
A century later, enlarged by John Nash.A phenomenon of 18th century London escorts was the coffee house, which became a popular place to debate ideas. Growing literacy and the development of the printing press meant that news became widely available. Fleet Street became the centre of the embryonic British press during the century.

18th century London escorts was dogged by crime, the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. Penalties for crime were harsh, with the death penalty being applied for fairly minor crimes. Public hangings were common in London escorts, and were popular public events.

In 1780 London escorts was rocked by the Gordon Riots, an uprising by Protestants against Roman Catholic emancipation led by Lord George Gordon. Severe damage was caused to Catholic churches and homes, and 285 rioters were killed.

In the year 1787, freed slaves from London escorts, America, and many of Britain's colonies founded Freetown in modern-day Sierra Leone.

Up until 1750, London escorts Bridge was the only crossing over the Thames, but in that year Westminster Bridge was opened and, for the first time in history, London escorts Bridge, in a sense, had a rival.

The 18th century saw the breakaway of the American colonies and many other unfortunate events in London escorts, but also great change and Enlightenment. This all led into the beginning of modern times, the 19th century.


19th century London escorts
Main article: 19th century London escorts

London escorts as engraved by J. & C. Walker in 1845 from a map by R Creighton. Many districts in the West End were fully developed, and the East End also extended well beyond the eastern fringe of the City of London escorts. There were now several bridges over the Thames, allowing the rapid development of South London escorts.During the 19th century, London escorts was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. During this period, London escorts became a global political, financial, and trading capital. In this position, it was largely unrivaled until the latter part of the century, when Paris and New York began to threaten its dominance.

While the city grew wealthy as Britain's holdings expanded, 19th century London escorts was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary slums. Life for the poor was immortalised by Charles Dickens in such novels as Oliver Twist.

In 1829 the prime minister Robert Peel established the Metropolitan Police as a police force covering the entire urban area. The force gained the nickname of "bobbies" or "peelers" named after Robert Peel.

19th century London escorts was transformed by the coming of the railways. A new network of metropolitan railways allowed for the development of suburbs in neighboring counties from which middle-class and wealthy people could commute to the centre. While this spurred the massive outward growth of the city, the growth of greater London escorts also exacerbated the class divide, as the wealthier classes emigrated to the suburbs, leaving the poor to inhabit the inner city areas.

The first railway to be built in London escorts was a line from London escorts Bridge to Greenwich, which opened in 1836. This was soon followed by the opening of great rail termini which linked London escorts to every corner of Britain. These included Euston station (1837), Paddington station (1838), Fenchurch Street station (1841), Waterloo station (1848), King's Cross station (1850), and St Pancras station (1863). From 1863, the first lines of the London escorts Underground were constructed.

The urbanised area continued to grow rapidly, spreading into Islington, Paddington, Belgravia, Holborn, Finsbury, Shoreditch, Southwark and Lambeth. Towards the middle of the century, London escorts's antiquated local government system, consisting of ancient parishes and vestries, struggled to cope with the rapid growth in population. In 1855 the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) was created to provide London escorts with adequate infrastructure to cope with its growth.


The Crystal Palace in 1851.One of its first tasks was addressing London escorts's sanitation problems. At the time, raw sewage was pumped straight into the River Thames. This culminated in The Great Stink of 1858. The polluted drinking water (sourced from the Thames) also brought disease and epidemics to London escorts's populace.

Parliament finally gave consent for the MBW to construct a massive system of sewers. The engineer put in charge of building the new system was Joseph Bazalgette. In what was one of the largest civil engineering projects of the 19th century, he oversaw construction of over 2100 km of tunnels and pipes under London escorts to take away sewage and provide clean drinking water. When the London escorts sewerage system was completed, the death toll in London escorts dropped dramatically, and epidemics of cholera and other diseases were curtailed. Bazalgette's system is still in use today.

One of the most famous events of 19th-century London escorts was the Great Exhibition of 1851. Held at The Crystal Palace, the fair attracted visitors from across the world and displayed Britain at the height of its Imperial dominance.


The Houses of Parliament from old Westminster Bridge in the early 1890sAs the capital of a massive empire, London escorts became a magnet for immigrants from the colonies and poorer parts of Europe. A large Irish population settled in the city during the Victorian period, with many of the newcomers refugees from the Great Famine (1845-1849). At one point, Irish immigrants made up about 20% of London escorts's population. London escorts also became home to a sizable Jewish community, and small communities of Chinese and South Asians settled in the city.

In 1888, the new County of London escorts was established, administered by the London escorts County Council. This was the first elected London escorts-wide administrative body, replacing the earlier Metropolitan Board of Works, which had been made up of appointees. The County of London escorts covered broadly what was then the full extent of the London escorts conurbation, although the conurbation later outgrew the boundaries of the county. In 1900, the county was sub-divided into 28 metropolitan boroughs, which formed a more local tier of administration than the county council.

Many famous buildings and landmarks of London escorts were constructed during the 19th century including:

Trafalgar Square
Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament
The Royal Albert Hall
The Victoria and Albert Museum
Tower Bridge

20th century London escorts

London escorts from 1900 to World War II
Main article: History of London escorts 1900-1939
London escorts entered the 20th century at the height of its influence as the capital of largest empire in history, but the new century was to bring many challenges.

London escorts's population continued to grow rapidly in the early decades of the century, and public transport was greatly expanded. A large tram network was constructed by the London escorts County Council, through the LCC Tramways. And the first motorbus service began in the 1900s. Improvements to London escorts's overground and underground rail network, including large scale electrification were progressively carried out.

During World War I, London escorts experienced its first bombing raids carried out by German zeppelin airships; these killed around 700 people and caused great terror, but were merely a foretaste of what was to come. The city of London escorts would experience many more terrors as a result of both World Wars.

The period between the two World Wars saw London escorts's geographical extent growing more quickly than ever before or since. A preference for lower density suburban housing, typically semi-detached, by London escortsers seeking a more "rural" lifestyle, superseded London escortsers' old predilection for terraced houses. This was facilitated not only by a continuing expansion of the rail network, including trams and the Underground, but also by slowly widening car ownership. London escorts's suburbs expanded outside the boundaries of the County of London escorts, into the neighboring counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey.

Like the rest of the country, London escorts suffered severe unemployment during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the East End during the 1930s, politically extreme parties of both right and left flourished. The Communist Party of Great Britain won a seat in the House of Commons, and the far-right British Union of Fascists received extensive support. Clashes between right and left culminated in the Battle of Cable Street in 1936. The population of London escorts reached an all time peak of 8.6 million in 1939.

Large numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing from Nazi Germany, settled in London escorts during the 1930s, who settled mostly in the West End.


London escorts in World War II
Main article: London escorts in World War II

Firefighters putting out flames at a bomb site during the blitzDuring World War II, London escorts, as many other British cities, suffered severe damage, being bombed extensively by the Luftwaffe as a part of The Blitz. Prior to the bombing, hundreds of thousands of children in London escorts were evacuated to the countryside to avoid the bombing. Civilians took shelter from the air raids in underground stations.

The heaviest bombing took place between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941. During this period, London escorts was subjected to 71 separate raids receiving over 18,000 tonnes of high explosive. Less intensive bombing followed over the following few years as Hitler concentrated on the Eastern front. Towards the end of the war, during 1944/45 London escorts came under heavy attack again by pilotless V-1 and V-2 rockets, which were fired from Nazi occupied Europe.

London escorts suffered severe damage and heavy casualties, the worst hit part being the Docklands area of the East End. By the war's end, just under 30,000 London escortsers had been killed by the bombing, and over 50,000 seriously injured [6], tens of thousands of buildings were destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless.


London escorts 1945–2000
Main article: Modern London escorts (from 1945)
Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at Wembley Stadium, at a time when the city had barely recovered from the war. London escorts's rebuilding was slow to begin. However, in 1951 the Festival of Britain was held, which marked an increasing mood of optimism and forward looking.

In the immediate postwar years housing was a major issue in London escorts, due to the large amount of housing which had been destroyed in the war. The authorities decided upon high-rise blocks of flats as the answer to housing shortages. During the 1950s and 1960s the skyline of London escorts altered dramatically as tower blocks were erected, although these later proved unpopular. In a bid to reduce the number of people living in overcrowded housing, a policy was introduced of encouraging people to move into newly built new towns surrounding London escorts.

Through the 19th and in the early half of the 20th century, London escortsers used coal for heating their homes, which produced large amounts of smoke. In combination with climatic conditions this often caused a characteristic smog, and London escorts became known for its typical "London escorts Fog", also known as "Pea Soupers". London escorts was sometimes referred to as "The Smoke" because of this. In 1952 this culminated in the disastrous Great Smog of 1952 which lasted for five days and killed over 4,000 people. In response to this, the Clean Air Act 1956 was passed, mandating the creating of "smokeless zones" where the use of "smokeless" fuels was required (this was at a time when most households still used open fires); the Act was effective, though the nickname is still used sarcastically.

Starting in the mid-1960s, and partly as a result of the success of such UK musicians as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, London escorts became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London escorts subculture which made Carnaby Street a household name of youth fashion around the world. London escorts's role as a trendsetter for youth fashion was revived strongly in the 1980s during the New Wave and Punk eras. In the mid-1990s this was revived to some extent with the emergence of the Britpop era.

From the 1950s onwards London escorts became home to a large number of immigrants, largely from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India and Pakistan, which dramatically changed the face of London escorts, turning it into one of the most diverse cities in Europe. However, the integration of the new immigrants was not always easy. Racial tensions emerged in events such as the Brixton Riots in the early 1980s.

From the beginning of "The Troubles" in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s until the mid-1990s, London escorts was subjected to repeated terrorist attacks by the Provisional IRA.

The outward expansion of London escorts was slowed by the war, and the Green Belt established soon afterwards. Due to this outward expansion, in 1965 the old County of London escorts (which by now only covered part of the London escorts conurbation) and the London escorts County Council were abolished, and the much larger area of Greater London escorts was established with a new Greater London escorts Council (GLC) to administer it, along with 32 new London escorts boroughs.

Greater London escorts's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. However it then began to increase again in the late 1980s, encouraged by strong economic performance and an increasingly positive image.

London escorts's traditional status as a major port declined dramatically in the post-war decades as the old Docklands could not accommodate large modern container ships. The principal ports for London escorts moved to the upstream towns of Felixstowe and Tilbury. The docklands area had become largely derelict by the 1980s, but was redeveloped into flats and offices from the mid-1980s onwards. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London escorts against tidal surges from the North Sea.

In the early 1980s political disputes between the GLC run by Ken Livingstone and the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher led to the GLC's abolition in 1986, with most of its powers relegated to the London escorts boroughs. This left London escorts as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration.

In 2000, London escorts-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London escorts Authority (GLA) by Tony Blair's government, covering the same area of Greater London escorts. The new authority had similar powers to the old GLC, but was made up of a directly elected Mayor and a London escorts Assembly. London escorts was also recognised as one of the nine regions of England.


21st century London escorts

An icon of 21st century London escorts: the London escorts Eye.
Some of the modern landmarks in the London escorts of today. From left to right are the Gherkin, the former Natwest Tower and the new Broadgate Tower under construction.At the turn of the 21st century, London escorts hosted the much derided Millennium Dome at Greenwich, to mark the new century. Other Millennium projects were more successful. One was the largest observation wheel in the world, the "Millennium Wheel", or the London escorts Eye, which was erected as a temporary structure, but soon became a fixture, and draws four million visitors a year. The National Lottery also released a flood of funds for major enhancements to existing attractions, for example the roofing of the Great Court at the British Museum.

The London escorts Plan, published by the Mayor of London escorts in 2004, estimated that the population would reach 8.1 million by 2016, and continue to rise thereafter. This was reflected in a move towards denser, more urban styles of building, including a greatly increased number of tall buildings,[7] and proposals for major enhancements to the public transport network. However, funding for projects such as Crossrail remained a struggle.

On July 6, 2005 London escorts won the bid to host the 2012 Olympics. However, celebrations were cut short the following day when, on July 7, 2005, London escorts was rocked by a series of terrorist attacks. More than 50 were killed and 750 injured in three bombings on London escorts Underground and another aboard a double decker bus near Russell Square in King's Cross.

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[> London Escort -- Spicemaster, 17:45:35 08/07/07 Tue

History of London escort
London escort has a recorded history that goes back over 2,000 years. During this time, it has experienced plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment and terrorist attacks, yet, it has still grown to become one of the financial and cultural capitals of the world. See City of London escort for details on the historic core of London escort.


St Paul's Cathedral during The BlitzContents [hide]
1 Legendary foundations and prehistoric London escort
2 Roman London escort
3 Anglo-Saxon London escort
4 Norman and Medieval London escort
5 Tudor London escort (1485-1603)
6 Stuart London escort (1603–1714)
7 18th century London escort
8 19th century London escort
9 20th century London escort
9.1 London escort from 1900 to World War II
9.2 London escort in World War II
9.3 London escort 1945–2000
10 21st century London escort
11 Population
12 Historical places of note in London escort
13 Notes
14 See also
15 External links



Legendary foundations and prehistoric London escort
According to the legendary Historia Regum Britanniae, of Geoffrey of Monmouth, London escort was founded by Brutus of Troy after he defeated the incumbent giants Gog and Magog and was known as Caer Troia, Troia Nova, or New Troy, which, according to a pseudo-etymology, was corrupted to Trinovantum. (In reality the Trinovantes were the Iron Age tribe who inhabited the area prior to the Romans). Geoffrey provides prehistoric London escort with a rich array of legendary kings, such as King Lud who, he claims, renamed the town CaerLudein, from which London escort was derived, and was buried at Ludgate.

However, despite intensive excavations, archaeologists have found no evidence of a prehistoric major settlement in the area. There have been scattered prehistoric finds, evidence of farming, burial and traces of habitation, but nothing more substantial. It is now considered unlikely that a pre-Roman city existed, but as some of the Roman city remains unexcavated, it is still just possible that some settlement may have yet to be discovered.

So, during prehistoric times, London escort was most likely a rural area with scattered settlement. Rich finds such as the Battersea Shield, found in the Thames near Chelsea, suggest the area was important; there may have been important settlements at Egham and Brentford, and there was a hillfort at Uppall, but no city in the area of the Roman London escort, the present day City of London escort.

Numerous finds[1] have been made of spear heads and weaponry from the Bronze and Iron ages near the banks of the Thames in the London escort area, many of which had clearly been used in battle. This suggests that the Thames was an important tribal boundary.

In 2002 a dig for the Channel 4 series Time Team unearthed a series of timbers driven vertically into the ground on the south bank of the Thames next to the SIS Building in Vauxhall which suggests the presence of a bridge or jetty 3000 years ago [2].


Roman London escort

Carausius coin from Londinium mint.Main article: Roman London escort
Londinium was established as a civilian town by the Romans about seven years after the invasion of AD 43. The name Londinium is thought to be pre-Roman (and probably pre-Celtic[citation needed]) in origin although there has been no consensus on what it means, possibly something like "the flowing river".[citation needed]

Early Roman London escort occupied a relatively small area, roughly equivalent in size to Hyde Park. In around AD 60, it was sacked by the Iceni led by their queen Boudica. However, the city was quickly rebuilt as a planned Roman town and recovered after perhaps 10 years, the city growing rapidly over the following decades. During the 2nd century Londinium was at its height and replaced Colchester as the capital of Roman Britain (Britannia). Its population was around 60,000 inhabitants. It boasted major public buildings, including the largest basilica north of the Alps, a governor's palace, temples, bath houses, amphitheatre and a large fort for the city garrison. Political instabillity and recession from the 3rd century onwards, however, led to a slow decline.

At some time between 190 and 225 AD the Romans built the defensive London escort Wall - around the landward side of the city. The wall was about 3 kilometres (2 miles) long, 6 metres (20 feet) high, and 2.5 metres (8 feet) thick.

In the late 3rd century, Londinium was raided on several occasions by Saxon pirates[citation needed]. This led, from around 255 onwards to the construction of an additional riverside wall. The wall would survive for another 1,600 years and define London escort's perimeters for centuries to come. Six of the traditional seven city gates of London escort are of Roman origin, namely: Ludgate, Newgate, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, Bishopsgate and Aldgate (Moorgate is the exception, being of medieval origin).

By the 5th century the Roman Empire was in rapid decline, and in 410 AD the Roman occupation of Britain came to an end. Following this, the Roman city went into rapid decline and by the end of the century had been practically abandoned.


Anglo-Saxon London escort
Main article: Anglo-Saxon London escort
Following the virtual abandonment of the Roman city, the area's strategic location on the River Thames meant that the site was not deserted for long. From the 6th century, Anglo-Saxons began to inhabit the area.

Although early Anglo-Saxon settlement avoided the area immediately around Londinium, there was occupation on a small scale of much of the hinterland on both sides of the river. There is no contemporary literary evidence, but the area must for some time have been an active frontier between Saxons and Britons. From the mid-6th century, the London escort area was incorporated into the East Saxons kingdom, which extended as far west as St Albans and included all of later Middlesex, and probably Surrey too for a time. In 604 Saeberht of the East Saxons converted to Christianity and London escort received Mellitus, its first post-Roman bishop. At this time Essex owed allegiance to the Bretwalda Ζthelberht of Kent, and it was under Ζthelberht that Mellitus founded the first St. Paul's Cathedral, traditionally said to be on the site of an old Roman Temple of Diana (although Christopher Wren found no evidence of this). This would have only been a modest church at first and may well have been destroyed after he was expelled from the city by Saeberht's pagan successors.

Later in the 7th Century a Saxon village and trading centre named Lundenwic ("London escort settlement")[3] was established approximately one mile to the west of Londinium. The new town came under direct Mercian control in c.730 as the East Saxon kingdom of which it had once been part was gradually reduced in size and status. Mercian lordship was replaced by that of Wessex after 825.


Alfred the GreatViking attacks dominated most of the 9th century, and such attacks became increasingly common from around 830 onwards. There were attacks on London escort in 842 and 851. In 865 the Viking "Great Heathen Army" launched a large scale invasion of East Anglia, and by 871 they had reached London escort, and are believed to have camped within the old Roman walls during the winter of that year. Although it is unclear what happened during this time, London escort may have come under Viking control for a period. In 878 however, English forces led by King Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington and forced the Viking leader Guthrum to sue for peace. English rule in London escort was restored and within ten years settlement within the old Roman walls was re-established to improve defences, but known as Lundenburgh. The Roman walls were repaired and the defensive ditch re-cut. As the focus of the city was moved back to within the old Roman walls, the older settlement of Lundenwic gained the name of ealdwic or "old settlement". The name survives today as Aldwych.

Alfred appointed his son-in-law Earl Aethelred of Mercia, who was the heir to the destroyed Kingdom of Mercia, as Governor of London escort and established two defended Boroughs to defend the bridge which was probably rebuilt at this time. The southern end of the Bridge was established as the Borough of Southwark or Suthringa Geworc (defensive work of the men of Surrey) as it was originally known. From this point, the City of London escort began to develop its own unique local government.

After Aethelred's death, London escort came under the direct control of English kings. By the early 10th century London escort had become an important commercial centre. Although the capital of the Kingdom of England was in Winchester, London escort became increasingly important as a political centre. King Aethelstan held many Royal Councils in London escort and issued laws from there. King Aethelred the Unready favoured London escort as his capital and issued the Laws of London escort there in 978.

It was during the reign of Aethelred that Viking raids began again, led by King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark. London escort was unsuccessfully attacked in 994, but numerous raids followed. By 1013 London escort was being besieged and Aethered fled abroad. King Sven died but his son Canute continued the attacks and eventually overran the city.

A Norse saga tells of a battle during the Viking occupation where Aethelred returned to attack Viking-occupied London escort. According to the sage, the Danes lined London escort Bridge and showered the attackers with spears. Undaunted, the attackers pulled the roofs off nearby houses and held them over their heads in the boats. Thus protected, they were able to get close enough to the bridge to attach ropes to the piers and pull the bridge down, thus ending the Viking occupation of London escort. There is some speculation that the nursery rhyme "London escort Bridge is falling down" stems from this incident.

The Vikings however returned and Aethelred's son Edmund Ironside initially managed to hold back the invaders. However, he was eventually forced to share power with Canute. When Edmund died Canute became the sole King of England. After two short lived Danish kings, the Anglo-Saxon line was restored when Canute's step-son Edward the Confessor took up the throne in 1042.

Following Edward's death, no clear heir was apparent, and his cousin, Duke William of Normandy, claimed the throne. The Royal Council, however, met in the city and elected the dead King's brother-in-law, Harold Godwinson as King. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey. William, outraged by this, then sent an army to invade England.


Norman and Medieval London escort
Main article: Norman and Medieval London escort

London escort in 1300.The Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 is usually considered to be the beginning of the Medieval period. William, Duke of Normandy, killed English king Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings. Although he burnt down Southwark, south of the bridge, he avoided London escort, instead waiting to the north-west at Berkhamsted until the city officials in London escort recognised him as King. They quickly did so, and William responded by granting the city a formal charter.

Under William (now known as William the Conqueror) several royal forts were constructed along the riverfront of London escort (the Tower of London escort, Baynard's Castle and Montfichet's Castle) to defend against seaborne attacks by Vikings and prevent rebellions. William the Conqueror also granted a charter in 1067 upholding previous Saxon rights, privileges and laws. Its growing self-government became firm with election rights granted by King John in 1199 and 1215.

In 1097 William Rufus, the son of William the Conqueror began the construction of 'Westminster Hall'. The hall was to become the basis of the Palace of Westminster which, throughout the Mediζval period, was the prime royal residence.


The Tower of London escort.In 1176 construction began of the most famous incarnation of London escort Bridge (completed in 1209) which was built on the site of several earlier wooden bridges. This bridge would last for 600 years, and remained the only bridge across the River Thames until 1739.

May 1216 saw the last time that London escort was truly occupied by a continental armed force, during the First Barons' War. This was when the young Louis VIII of France marched through the streets to St Paul's Cathedral. Throughout the city and in the cathedral he was celebrated as the new ruler.

It was expected that this would free the English from the tyranny of King John. This was only temporarily true. The barons supporting the 29-year old French prince decided to throw their support back to an English king when John died. Over the next several hundred years, London escort would shake off the heavy French cultural and linguistic influence which had been there since the times of the Norman conquest. The city, like Dover, would figure heavily into the development of Early Modern English.

During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 led by Wat Tyler, London escort was invaded. A group of peasants stormed the Tower of London escort and executed the Lord Chancellor, Archbishop Simon Sudbury, and the Lord Treasurer. The peasants looted the city and set fire to numerous buildings. Tyler was stabbed to death by the Lord Mayor William Walworth in a confrontation at Smithfield, thus ending the revolt.

During the medieval period London escort grew up in two different parts. The nearby up-river town of Westminster became the Royal capital and centre of government, whereas the City of London escort became the centre of commerce and trade. The area between them became entirely urbanised by 1600.

Trade and commerce grew steadily during the Middle Ages, and London escort grew rapidly as a result. In 1100 London escort's population was little more than 15,000. By 1300 it had grown to roughly 80,000. Trade in London escort was organised into various guilds, which effectively controlled the city, and elected the Lord Mayor of London escort.

Medieval London escort was made up of narrow and twisting streets, and most of the buildings were made from combustible materials such as wood and straw, which made fire a constant threat. Sanitation in London escort was poor. London escort lost at least half of its population during the Black Death in the mid-14th century. Between 1348 and the Great Plague of 1666 there were sixteen outbreaks of plague in the city.


Tudor London escort (1485-1603)
Main article: Tudor London escort

John Norden's map of London escort in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.The Tudor period from 1485 until 1603 was a dramatic period of English history. Three of the monarchs of the Tudor dynasty (Henry VII, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I) played important roles in transforming England from a comparatively weak European backwater into a powerful state that in the coming centuries would dominate much of the world. The period saw the end of the War of the Roses the English Reformation and the Elizabethan era.

The Reformation produced little bloodshed in London escort, with most of the higher classes co-operating to bring about a gradual shift to Protestantism. Before the Reformation, more than half of the area of London escort was occupied by monasteries, nunneries and other religious houses, and about a third of the inhabitants were monks, nuns and friars. Thus Henry VIII’s “Dissolution of the Monasteries” had a profound effect on the city as nearly all of this property changed hands. The process started in the mid 1530s, and by 1538 most of the larger houses had been abolished. Holy Trinity Aldgate went to Lord Audley, and the Marquess of Winchester built himself a house in part of its precincts. The Charterhouse went to Lord North, Blackfriars to Lord Cobham, the leper hospital of St Giles to Lord Dudley, while the king took for himself the leper hospital of St James, which was rebuilt as St James's Palace.[4]

The period saw London escort was rapidly rising in importance amongst Europe’s commercial centres, its many small industries were booming, especially weaving. Trade expanded beyond Western Europe to Russia, the Levant, and the Americas. This was the period of mercantilism and monopoly trading companies such as the Russia Company (1555) and the British East India Company (1600) were established in London escort by Royal Charter. The latter, which ultimately came to rule much of India, was one of the key institutions in London escort, and in Britain as a whole, for two and a half centuries. In 1572 the Spanish destroyed the great commercial city of Antwerp, giving London escort first place among the North Sea ports. Immigrants arrived in London escort not just from all over England and Wales, but from abroad as well, for example Huguenots from France; the population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605[5].

The late 16th century, when William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived and worked in London escort, was one of the most lustrous periods in the city’s cultural history. There was considerable hostility to the development of the theatre however. Public entertainments produced crowds, and crowds were feared by the authorities because they might become mobs, and by many ordinary citizens who dreaded that large gatherings might contribute to the spread of plague. Theatre itself was discountenanced by the increasingly influential Puritan strand in the nation. However, Queen Elizabeth loved plays, which were performed for her privately at Court, and approved of public performances.

During the mostly calm later years of Elizabeth's reign, some of her courtiers and some of the wealthier citizens of London escort built themselves country residences in Middlesex, Essex and Surrey. This was an early stirring of the villa movement, the taste for residences which were neither of the city nor on an agricultural estate, but when the last of the Tudors died in 1603, London escort was still very compact.


Stuart London escort (1603–1714)
Main article: Stuart London escort

A panorama of London escort by Claes Van Visscher, 1616. Old St Paul's had lost its spire by this time. The two theatres on the foreground (Southwark) side of the Thames are The Bear Garden and The Globe. The large church in the foreground is St Mary Overie, now Southwark Cathedral.
London escort's expansion beyond the boundaries of the City was decisively established in the 17th century. In the opening years of that century the immediate environs of the City, with the principal exception of the aristocratic residences in the direction of Westminster, were still considered insalubrious. Immediately to the north was Moorfields, which had recently been drained and laid out in walks, but it was frequented by beggars and travellers, who crossed it in order to get into London escort, tried not to linger. Adjoining Moorfields were Finsbury Fields, a favourite practising ground for the archers. Mile End, then a common on the Great Eastern Road, was famous as a rendezvous for the troops.

The preparations for the coronation of King James I were interrupted by a severe plague epidemic, which may have killed over thirty thousand people. The Lord Mayor's Show, which had been discontinued for some years, was revived by order of the king in 1609. The dissolved monastery of the Charterhouse, which had been bought and sold by the courtiers several times, was purchased by Thomas Button for £13,000. The new hospital, chapel, and schoolhouse were begun in 1611. Charterhouse School was to be one of the principal public schools in London escort until it moved to Surrey in Victorian times, and the site is still used as a medical school.

The general meeting-place of London escorters in the day-time was the nave of Old St. Paul's Cathedral. Merchants conducted business in the aisles, and used the font as a counter upon which to make their payments; lawyers received clients at their particular pillars; and the unemployed looked for work. St Paul's Churchyard was the centre of the book trade and Fleet Street was a centre of public entertainment. Under James I the theatre, which established itself so firmly in the latter years of Elizabeth, grew further in popularity. The performances at the public theatres were complemented by elaborate masques at the royal court and at the inns of court.

Charles I acceded to the throne in 1625. During his reign aristocrats began to inhabit the West End in large numbers. In addition to those who had specific business at court, increasing numbers of country landowners and their families lived in London escort for part of the year simply for the social life. This was the beginning of the "London escort season". Lincoln's Inn Fields, was built about 1629. The piazza of Covent Garden, designed by England's first classically trained architect Inigo Jones followed in about 1632. The neighbouring streets were built shortly afterwards, and the names of Henrietta, Charles, James, King and York Streets were given after members of the royal family.


Chronicler of Stuart London escort, Samuel PepysIn January 1642 five members of parliament whom the King wished to arrest were granted refuge in the City. In August of the same year the King raised his banner at Nottingham, and during the English Civil War London escort took the side of the parliament. Initially the king had the upper hand in military terms and in November he won the Battle of Brentford a few miles to the west of London escort. The City organised a new makeshift army and Charles hesitated and retreated. Subsequently an extensive system of fortifications was built to protect London escort from a renewed attack by the Royalists. This comprised a strong earthen rampart, enhanced with bastions and redoubts. It was well beyond the City walls and encompassed the whole urban area, including Westminster and Southwark. London escort was not seriously threatened by the royalists again, and the financial resources of the City made an important contribution to the parliamentarians victory in the war.

The unsanitary and overcrowded City of London escort has suffered from the numerous outbreaks of the plague many times over the centuries, but in Britain it is the last major outbreak which is remembered as the "Great Plague" It occurred in 1665 and 1666 and killed around 60,000 people, which was one fifth of the population. Samuel Pepys chronicled the epidemic in his diary. On the 4 September 1665 he wrote "I have stayed in the city till above 7400 died in one week, and of them about 6000 of the plague, and little noise heard day or night but tolling of bells."

The Great Plague was immediately followed by another catastrophe, albeit one which helped to put an end to the plague. On the Sunday, 2 September 1666 the Great Fire of London escort broke out at one o'clock in the morning at a house in Pudding Lane in the southern part of the City. Fanned by an eastern wind the fire spread, and efforts to arrest it by pulling down houses to make firebreaks were disorganised to begin with. On Tuesday night the wind fell somewhat, and on Wednesday the fire slackened. On Thursday it was extinguished, but on the evening of that day the flames again burst forth at the Temple. Some houses were at once blown up by gunpowder, and thus the fire was finally mastered. The Monument was built to commemorate the fire: for over a century and a half it bore an inscription attributing the conflagration to a "popish frenzy".


John Evelyn's plan for the rebuilding of London escort after the Great Fire.The fire destroyed about 60% of the City, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, 87 parish churches, 44 livery company halls and the Royal Exchange. However the number of lives lost was surprisingly small; it is believed to have been 16 at most. Within a few days of the fire, three plans were presented to the king for the rebuilding of the city, by Christopher Wren, John Evelyn and Robert Hooke. Wren proposed to build main thoroughfares north and south, and east and west, to insulate all the churches in conspicuous positions, to form the most public places into large piazzas, to unite the halls of the 12 chief livery companies into one regular square annexed to the Guildhall, and to make a fine quay on the bank of the river from Blackfriars to the Tower of London escort. Wren wished to build the new streets straight and in three standard widths of thirty, sixty and ninety feet. Evelyn's plan differed from Wren's chiefly in proposing a street from the church of St Dunstan's in the East to the St Paul's, and in having no quay or terrace along the river. These plans were not implemented, and the rebuilt city generally followed the streetplan of the old one, and most of it has survived into the 21st century.


Richard Blome's map of London escort (1673). The development of the West End had recently begun to accelerate.Nonetheless, the new City was different from the old one. Many aristocratic residents never returned, preferring to take new houses in the West End, where fashionable new districts such as St. James's were built close to the main royal residence, which was Whitehall Palace until it was destroyed by fire in the 1690s, and thereafter St. James's Palace. The rural lane of Piccadilly sprouted courtiers mansions such as Burlington House. Thus the separation between the middle class mercantile City of London escort, and the aristocratic world of the court in Westminster became complete. In the City itself there was a move from wooden buildings to stone and brick construction to reduce the risk of fire. The Act of Parliament "for rebuilding the city of London escort" stated "building with brick [is] not only more comely and durable, but also more safe against future perils of fire". From then on only doorcases, window-frames and shop fronts were allowed to be made of wood.

Christopher Wren's plan for a new model London escort came to nothing, but he was appointed to rebuild the ruined parish churches and to replace St Paul's Cathedral. His domed baroque cathedral was the primary symbol of London escort for at least a century and a half. As city surveyor, Robert Hooke oversaw the reconstruction of the City's houses. The East End, that is the area immediately to the east of the city walls, also became heavily populated in the decades after the Great Fire. London escort's docks began to extend downstream, attracting many working people who worked on the docks themselves and in the processing and distributive trades. These people lived in Whitechapel, Wapping, Stepney and Limehouse, generally in slum conditions.

In the winter of 1683–4 a frost fair was held on the Thames. The frost, which began about seven weeks before Christmas and continued for six weeks after, was the greatest on record. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, led to a large migration on Huguenots to London escort. They established a silk industry at Spitalfields.

At this time the City of London escort was becoming the world's leading financial centre, superseding Amsterdam in primacy. The Bank of England was founded in 1694, and the British East India Company was expanding its influence. Lloyd's of London escort also began to operate in the late 17th century. In 1700 London escort handled 80% of England's imports, 69% of its exports and 86% of its re-exports. Many of the goods were luxuries from the Americas and Asia such as silk, sugar, tea and tobacco. The last figure emphasises London escort's role as an entrepot: while it had many craftsmen in the 17th century, and would later acquire some large factories, its economic prominence was never based primarily on industry. Instead it was a great trading and redistribution centre. Goods were brought to London escort by England's increasingly dominant merchant navy, not only to satisfy domestic demand, but also for re-export throughout Europe and beyond.

William III cared little for London escort, the smoke of which gave him asthma, and after the first fire at Whitehall Palace (1691) he purchased Nottingham House and transformed it into Kensington Palace. Kensington was then an insignificant village, but the arrival of the court soon caused it to grow in importance. The palace was rarely favoured by future monarchs, but its construction was another step in the expansion of the bounds of London escort. During the same reign Greenwich Hospital, then well outside the boundary of London escort, but now comfortably inside it, was begun; it was the naval complement to the Chelsea Hospital for former soldiers, which has been founded in 1681. During the reign of Queen Anne an act was passed authorising the building of 50 new churches to serve the greatly increased population living outside the boundaries of the City of London escort.


18th century London escort
Main article: 18th century London escort

A view of London escort from the east in 1751The 18th century was a period of rapid growth for London escort, reflecting an increasing national population, the early stirrings of the Industrial Revolution, and London escort's role at the centre of the evolving British Empire.

In 1707 an Act of Union was passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain. A year later, in 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral was completed on his birthday. However, the first service had been held on December 2, 1697; more than 10 years earlier! This Cathedral replaced the original St. Paul's which had been completely destroyed in the Great Fire of London escort. This building is considered one of the finest in Britain and a fine example of Baroque architecture.


The Clock Tower of Wren's St. Paul's CathedralDuring the Georgian period London escort spread beyond its traditional limits at an accelerating pace. New districts such as Mayfair were built for the rich in the West End, new bridges over the Thames encouraged an acceleration of development in South London escort and in the East End, the Port of London escort expanded downstream from the City. During this period was also the uprising of the American colonies. In 1780, the Tower of London escort held its only American prisoner, former President of the Continental Congress, Henry Laurens. In 1779 he was the Congress's representative of Holland, and got the country's support for the Revolution. On his return voyage back to America, the Royal Navy captured him and charged him with treason after finding evidence of a reason of war between Great Britain and the Netherlands. He was released from the Tower on December 21, 1781 in exchange for General Lord Cornwallis.

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Escorts in London -- Spicemaster, 17:43:08 08/07/07 Tue

History of Escorts London
Escorts London has a recorded history that goes back over 2,000 years. During this time, it has experienced plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment and terrorist attacks, yet, it has still grown to become one of the financial and cultural capitals of the world. See City of Escorts London for details on the historic core of Escorts London.


St Paul's Cathedral during The BlitzContents [hide]
1 Legendary foundations and prehistoric Escorts London
2 Roman Escorts London
3 Anglo-Saxon Escorts London
4 Norman and Medieval Escorts London
5 Tudor Escorts London (1485-1603)
6 Stuart Escorts London (1603–1714)
7 18th century Escorts London
8 19th century Escorts London
9 20th century Escorts London
9.1 Escorts London from 1900 to World War II
9.2 Escorts London in World War II
9.3 Escorts London 1945–2000
10 21st century Escorts London
11 Population
12 Historical places of note in Escorts London
13 Notes
14 See also
15 External links



Legendary foundations and prehistoric Escorts London
According to the legendary Historia Regum Britanniae, of Geoffrey of Monmouth, Escorts London was founded by Brutus of Troy after he defeated the incumbent giants Gog and Magog and was known as Caer Troia, Troia Nova, or New Troy, which, according to a pseudo-etymology, was corrupted to Trinovantum. (In reality the Trinovantes were the Iron Age tribe who inhabited the area prior to the Romans). Geoffrey provides prehistoric Escorts London with a rich array of legendary kings, such as King Lud who, he claims, renamed the town CaerLudein, from which Escorts London was derived, and was buried at Ludgate.

However, despite intensive excavations, archaeologists have found no evidence of a prehistoric major settlement in the area. There have been scattered prehistoric finds, evidence of farming, burial and traces of habitation, but nothing more substantial. It is now considered unlikely that a pre-Roman city existed, but as some of the Roman city remains unexcavated, it is still just possible that some settlement may have yet to be discovered.

So, during prehistoric times, Escorts London was most likely a rural area with scattered settlement. Rich finds such as the Battersea Shield, found in the Thames near Chelsea, suggest the area was important; there may have been important settlements at Egham and Brentford, and there was a hillfort at Uppall, but no city in the area of the Roman Escorts London, the present day City of Escorts London.

Numerous finds[1] have been made of spear heads and weaponry from the Bronze and Iron ages near the banks of the Thames in the Escorts London area, many of which had clearly been used in battle. This suggests that the Thames was an important tribal boundary.

In 2002 a dig for the Channel 4 series Time Team unearthed a series of timbers driven vertically into the ground on the south bank of the Thames next to the SIS Building in Vauxhall which suggests the presence of a bridge or jetty 3000 years ago [2].


Roman Escorts London

Carausius coin from Londinium mint.Main article: Roman Escorts London
Londinium was established as a civilian town by the Romans about seven years after the invasion of AD 43. The name Londinium is thought to be pre-Roman (and probably pre-Celtic[citation needed]) in origin although there has been no consensus on what it means, possibly something like "the flowing river".[citation needed]

Early Roman Escorts London occupied a relatively small area, roughly equivalent in size to Hyde Park. In around AD 60, it was sacked by the Iceni led by their queen Boudica. However, the city was quickly rebuilt as a planned Roman town and recovered after perhaps 10 years, the city growing rapidly over the following decades. During the 2nd century Londinium was at its height and replaced Colchester as the capital of Roman Britain (Britannia). Its population was around 60,000 inhabitants. It boasted major public buildings, including the largest basilica north of the Alps, a governor's palace, temples, bath houses, amphitheatre and a large fort for the city garrison. Political instabillity and recession from the 3rd century onwards, however, led to a slow decline.

At some time between 190 and 225 AD the Romans built the defensive Escorts London Wall - around the landward side of the city. The wall was about 3 kilometres (2 miles) long, 6 metres (20 feet) high, and 2.5 metres (8 feet) thick.

In the late 3rd century, Londinium was raided on several occasions by Saxon pirates[citation needed]. This led, from around 255 onwards to the construction of an additional riverside wall. The wall would survive for another 1,600 years and define Escorts London's perimeters for centuries to come. Six of the traditional seven city gates of Escorts London are of Roman origin, namely: Ludgate, Newgate, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, Bishopsgate and Aldgate (Moorgate is the exception, being of medieval origin).

By the 5th century the Roman Empire was in rapid decline, and in 410 AD the Roman occupation of Britain came to an end. Following this, the Roman city went into rapid decline and by the end of the century had been practically abandoned.


Anglo-Saxon Escorts London
Main article: Anglo-Saxon Escorts London
Following the virtual abandonment of the Roman city, the area's strategic location on the River Thames meant that the site was not deserted for long. From the 6th century, Anglo-Saxons began to inhabit the area.

Although early Anglo-Saxon settlement avoided the area immediately around Londinium, there was occupation on a small scale of much of the hinterland on both sides of the river. There is no contemporary literary evidence, but the area must for some time have been an active frontier between Saxons and Britons. From the mid-6th century, the Escorts London area was incorporated into the East Saxons kingdom, which extended as far west as St Albans and included all of later Middlesex, and probably Surrey too for a time. In 604 Saeberht of the East Saxons converted to Christianity and Escorts London received Mellitus, its first post-Roman bishop. At this time Essex owed allegiance to the Bretwalda Ζthelberht of Kent, and it was under Ζthelberht that Mellitus founded the first St. Paul's Cathedral, traditionally said to be on the site of an old Roman Temple of Diana (although Christopher Wren found no evidence of this). This would have only been a modest church at first and may well have been destroyed after he was expelled from the city by Saeberht's pagan successors.

Later in the 7th Century a Saxon village and trading centre named Lundenwic ("Escorts London settlement")[3] was established approximately one mile to the west of Londinium. The new town came under direct Mercian control in c.730 as the East Saxon kingdom of which it had once been part was gradually reduced in size and status. Mercian lordship was replaced by that of Wessex after 825.


Alfred the GreatViking attacks dominated most of the 9th century, and such attacks became increasingly common from around 830 onwards. There were attacks on Escorts London in 842 and 851. In 865 the Viking "Great Heathen Army" launched a large scale invasion of East Anglia, and by 871 they had reached Escorts London, and are believed to have camped within the old Roman walls during the winter of that year. Although it is unclear what happened during this time, Escorts London may have come under Viking control for a period. In 878 however, English forces led by King Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington and forced the Viking leader Guthrum to sue for peace. English rule in Escorts London was restored and within ten years settlement within the old Roman walls was re-established to improve defences, but known as Lundenburgh. The Roman walls were repaired and the defensive ditch re-cut. As the focus of the city was moved back to within the old Roman walls, the older settlement of Lundenwic gained the name of ealdwic or "old settlement". The name survives today as Aldwych.

Alfred appointed his son-in-law Earl Aethelred of Mercia, who was the heir to the destroyed Kingdom of Mercia, as Governor of Escorts London and established two defended Boroughs to defend the bridge which was probably rebuilt at this time. The southern end of the Bridge was established as the Borough of Southwark or Suthringa Geworc (defensive work of the men of Surrey) as it was originally known. From this point, the City of Escorts London began to develop its own unique local government.

After Aethelred's death, Escorts London came under the direct control of English kings. By the early 10th century Escorts London had become an important commercial centre. Although the capital of the Kingdom of England was in Winchester, Escorts London became increasingly important as a political centre. King Aethelstan held many Royal Councils in Escorts London and issued laws from there. King Aethelred the Unready favoured Escorts London as his capital and issued the Laws of Escorts London there in 978.

It was during the reign of Aethelred that Viking raids began again, led by King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark. Escorts London was unsuccessfully attacked in 994, but numerous raids followed. By 1013 Escorts London was being besieged and Aethered fled abroad. King Sven died but his son Canute continued the attacks and eventually overran the city.

A Norse saga tells of a battle during the Viking occupation where Aethelred returned to attack Viking-occupied Escorts London. According to the sage, the Danes lined Escorts London Bridge and showered the attackers with spears. Undaunted, the attackers pulled the roofs off nearby houses and held them over their heads in the boats. Thus protected, they were able to get close enough to the bridge to attach ropes to the piers and pull the bridge down, thus ending the Viking occupation of Escorts London. There is some speculation that the nursery rhyme "Escorts London Bridge is falling down" stems from this incident.

The Vikings however returned and Aethelred's son Edmund Ironside initially managed to hold back the invaders. However, he was eventually forced to share power with Canute. When Edmund died Canute became the sole King of England. After two short lived Danish kings, the Anglo-Saxon line was restored when Canute's step-son Edward the Confessor took up the throne in 1042.

Following Edward's death, no clear heir was apparent, and his cousin, Duke William of Normandy, claimed the throne. The Royal Council, however, met in the city and elected the dead King's brother-in-law, Harold Godwinson as King. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey. William, outraged by this, then sent an army to invade England.


Norman and Medieval Escorts London
Main article: Norman and Medieval Escorts London

Escorts London in 1300.The Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 is usually considered to be the beginning of the Medieval period. William, Duke of Normandy, killed English king Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings. Although he burnt down Southwark, south of the bridge, he avoided Escorts London, instead waiting to the north-west at Berkhamsted until the city officials in Escorts London recognised him as King. They quickly did so, and William responded by granting the city a formal charter.

Under William (now known as William the Conqueror) several royal forts were constructed along the riverfront of Escorts London (the Tower of Escorts London, Baynard's Castle and Montfichet's Castle) to defend against seaborne attacks by Vikings and prevent rebellions. William the Conqueror also granted a charter in 1067 upholding previous Saxon rights, privileges and laws. Its growing self-government became firm with election rights granted by King John in 1199 and 1215.

In 1097 William Rufus, the son of William the Conqueror began the construction of 'Westminster Hall'. The hall was to become the basis of the Palace of Westminster which, throughout the Mediζval period, was the prime royal residence.


The Tower of Escorts London.In 1176 construction began of the most famous incarnation of Escorts London Bridge (completed in 1209) which was built on the site of several earlier wooden bridges. This bridge would last for 600 years, and remained the only bridge across the River Thames until 1739.

May 1216 saw the last time that Escorts London was truly occupied by a continental armed force, during the First Barons' War. This was when the young Louis VIII of France marched through the streets to St Paul's Cathedral. Throughout the city and in the cathedral he was celebrated as the new ruler.

It was expected that this would free the English from the tyranny of King John. This was only temporarily true. The barons supporting the 29-year old French prince decided to throw their support back to an English king when John died. Over the next several hundred years, Escorts London would shake off the heavy French cultural and linguistic influence which had been there since the times of the Norman conquest. The city, like Dover, would figure heavily into the development of Early Modern English.

During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 led by Wat Tyler, Escorts London was invaded. A group of peasants stormed the Tower of Escorts London and executed the Lord Chancellor, Archbishop Simon Sudbury, and the Lord Treasurer. The peasants looted the city and set fire to numerous buildings. Tyler was stabbed to death by the Lord Mayor William Walworth in a confrontation at Smithfield, thus ending the revolt.

During the medieval period Escorts London grew up in two different parts. The nearby up-river town of Westminster became the Royal capital and centre of government, whereas the City of Escorts London became the centre of commerce and trade. The area between them became entirely urbanised by 1600.

Trade and commerce grew steadily during the Middle Ages, and Escorts London grew rapidly as a result. In 1100 Escorts London's population was little more than 15,000. By 1300 it had grown to roughly 80,000. Trade in Escorts London was organised into various guilds, which effectively controlled the city, and elected the Lord Mayor of Escorts London.

Medieval Escorts London was made up of narrow and twisting streets, and most of the buildings were made from combustible materials such as wood and straw, which made fire a constant threat. Sanitation in Escorts London was poor. Escorts London lost at least half of its population during the Black Death in the mid-14th century. Between 1348 and the Great Plague of 1666 there were sixteen outbreaks of plague in the city.


Tudor Escorts London (1485-1603)
Main article: Tudor Escorts London

John Norden's map of Escorts London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.The Tudor period from 1485 until 1603 was a dramatic period of English history. Three of the monarchs of the Tudor dynasty (Henry VII, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I) played important roles in transforming England from a comparatively weak European backwater into a powerful state that in the coming centuries would dominate much of the world. The period saw the end of the War of the Roses the English Reformation and the Elizabethan era.

The Reformation produced little bloodshed in Escorts London, with most of the higher classes co-operating to bring about a gradual shift to Protestantism. Before the Reformation, more than half of the area of Escorts London was occupied by monasteries, nunneries and other religious houses, and about a third of the inhabitants were monks, nuns and friars. Thus Henry VIII’s “Dissolution of the Monasteries” had a profound effect on the city as nearly all of this property changed hands. The process started in the mid 1530s, and by 1538 most of the larger houses had been abolished. Holy Trinity Aldgate went to Lord Audley, and the Marquess of Winchester built himself a house in part of its precincts. The Charterhouse went to Lord North, Blackfriars to Lord Cobham, the leper hospital of St Giles to Lord Dudley, while the king took for himself the leper hospital of St James, which was rebuilt as St James's Palace.[4]

The period saw Escorts London was rapidly rising in importance amongst Europe’s commercial centres, its many small industries were booming, especially weaving. Trade expanded beyond Western Europe to Russia, the Levant, and the Americas. This was the period of mercantilism and monopoly trading companies such as the Russia Company (1555) and the British East India Company (1600) were established in Escorts London by Royal Charter. The latter, which ultimately came to rule much of India, was one of the key institutions in Escorts London, and in Britain as a whole, for two and a half centuries. In 1572 the Spanish destroyed the great commercial city of Antwerp, giving Escorts London first place among the North Sea ports. Immigrants arrived in Escorts London not just from all over England and Wales, but from abroad as well, for example Huguenots from France; the population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605[5].

The late 16th century, when William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived and worked in Escorts London, was one of the most lustrous periods in the city’s cultural history. There was considerable hostility to the development of the theatre however. Public entertainments produced crowds, and crowds were feared by the authorities because they might become mobs, and by many ordinary citizens who dreaded that large gatherings might contribute to the spread of plague. Theatre itself was discountenanced by the increasingly influential Puritan strand in the nation. However, Queen Elizabeth loved plays, which were performed for her privately at Court, and approved of public performances.

During the mostly calm later years of Elizabeth's reign, some of her courtiers and some of the wealthier citizens of Escorts London built themselves country residences in Middlesex, Essex and Surrey. This was an early stirring of the villa movement, the taste for residences which were neither of the city nor on an agricultural estate, but when the last of the Tudors died in 1603, Escorts London was still very compact.


Stuart Escorts London (1603–1714)
Main article: Stuart Escorts London

A panorama of Escorts London by Claes Van Visscher, 1616. Old St Paul's had lost its spire by this time. The two theatres on the foreground (Southwark) side of the Thames are The Bear Garden and The Globe. The large church in the foreground is St Mary Overie, now Southwark Cathedral.
Escorts London's expansion beyond the boundaries of the City was decisively established in the 17th century. In the opening years of that century the immediate environs of the City, with the principal exception of the aristocratic residences in the direction of Westminster, were still considered insalubrious. Immediately to the north was Moorfields, which had recently been drained and laid out in walks, but it was frequented by beggars and travellers, who crossed it in order to get into Escorts London, tried not to linger. Adjoining Moorfields were Finsbury Fields, a favourite practising ground for the archers. Mile End, then a common on the Great Eastern Road, was famous as a rendezvous for the troops.

The preparations for the coronation of King James I were interrupted by a severe plague epidemic, which may have killed over thirty thousand people. The Lord Mayor's Show, which had been discontinued for some years, was revived by order of the king in 1609. The dissolved monastery of the Charterhouse, which had been bought and sold by the courtiers several times, was purchased by Thomas Button for £13,000. The new hospital, chapel, and schoolhouse were begun in 1611. Charterhouse School was to be one of the principal public schools in Escorts London until it moved to Surrey in Victorian times, and the site is still used as a medical school.

The general meeting-place of Escorts Londoners in the day-time was the nave of Old St. Paul's Cathedral. Merchants conducted business in the aisles, and used the font as a counter upon which to make their payments; lawyers received clients at their particular pillars; and the unemployed looked for work. St Paul's Churchyard was the centre of the book trade and Fleet Street was a centre of public entertainment. Under James I the theatre, which established itself so firmly in the latter years of Elizabeth, grew further in popularity. The performances at the public theatres were complemented by elaborate masques at the royal court and at the inns of court.

Charles I acceded to the throne in 1625. During his reign aristocrats began to inhabit the West End in large numbers. In addition to those who had specific business at court, increasing numbers of country landowners and their families lived in Escorts London for part of the year simply for the social life. This was the beginning of the "Escorts London season". Lincoln's Inn Fields, was built about 1629. The piazza of Covent Garden, designed by England's first classically trained architect Inigo Jones followed in about 1632. The neighbouring streets were built shortly afterwards, and the names of Henrietta, Charles, James, King and York Streets were given after members of the royal family.


Chronicler of Stuart Escorts London, Samuel PepysIn January 1642 five members of parliament whom the King wished to arrest were granted refuge in the City. In August of the same year the King raised his banner at Nottingham, and during the English Civil War Escorts London took the side of the parliament. Initially the king had the upper hand in military terms and in November he won the Battle of Brentford a few miles to the west of Escorts London. The City organised a new makeshift army and Charles hesitated and retreated. Subsequently an extensive system of fortifications was built to protect Escorts London from a renewed attack by the Royalists. This comprised a strong earthen rampart, enhanced with bastions and redoubts. It was well beyond the City walls and encompassed the whole urban area, including Westminster and Southwark. Escorts London was not seriously threatened by the royalists again, and the financial resources of the City made an important contribution to the parliamentarians victory in the war.

The unsanitary and overcrowded City of Escorts London has suffered from the numerous outbreaks of the plague many times over the centuries, but in Britain it is the last major outbreak which is remembered as the "Great Plague" It occurred in 1665 and 1666 and killed around 60,000 people, which was one fifth of the population. Samuel Pepys chronicled the epidemic in his diary. On the 4 September 1665 he wrote "I have stayed in the city till above 7400 died in one week, and of them about 6000 of the plague, and little noise heard day or night but tolling of bells."

The Great Plague was immediately followed by another catastrophe, albeit one which helped to put an end to the plague. On the Sunday, 2 September 1666 the Great Fire of Escorts London broke out at one o'clock in the morning at a house in Pudding Lane in the southern part of the City. Fanned by an eastern wind the fire spread, and efforts to arrest it by pulling down houses to make firebreaks were disorganised to begin with. On Tuesday night the wind fell somewhat, and on Wednesday the fire slackened. On Thursday it was extinguished, but on the evening of that day the flames again burst forth at the Temple. Some houses were at once blown up by gunpowder, and thus the fire was finally mastered. The Monument was built to commemorate the fire: for over a century and a half it bore an inscription attributing the conflagration to a "popish frenzy".


John Evelyn's plan for the rebuilding of Escorts London after the Great Fire.The fire destroyed about 60% of the City, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, 87 parish churches, 44 livery company halls and the Royal Exchange. However the number of lives lost was surprisingly small; it is believed to have been 16 at most. Within a few days of the fire, three plans were presented to the king for the rebuilding of the city, by Christopher Wren, John Evelyn and Robert Hooke. Wren proposed to build main thoroughfares north and south, and east and west, to insulate all the churches in conspicuous positions, to form the most public places into large piazzas, to unite the halls of the 12 chief livery companies into one regular square annexed to the Guildhall, and to make a fine quay on the bank of the river from Blackfriars to the Tower of Escorts London. Wren wished to build the new streets straight and in three standard widths of thirty, sixty and ninety feet. Evelyn's plan differed from Wren's chiefly in proposing a street from the church of St Dunstan's in the East to the St Paul's, and in having no quay or terrace along the river. These plans were not implemented, and the rebuilt city generally followed the streetplan of the old one, and most of it has survived into the 21st century.


Richard Blome's map of Escorts London (1673). The development of the West End had recently begun to accelerate.Nonetheless, the new City was different from the old one. Many aristocratic residents never returned, preferring to take new houses in the West End, where fashionable new districts such as St. James's were built close to the main royal residence, which was Whitehall Palace until it was destroyed by fire in the 1690s, and thereafter St. James's Palace. The rural lane of Piccadilly sprouted courtiers mansions such as Burlington House. Thus the separation between the middle class mercantile City of Escorts London, and the aristocratic world of the court in Westminster became complete. In the City itself there was a move from wooden buildings to stone and brick construction to reduce the risk of fire. The Act of Parliament "for rebuilding the city of Escorts London" stated "building with brick [is] not only more comely and durable, but also more safe against future perils of fire". From then on only doorcases, window-frames and shop fronts were allowed to be made of wood.

Christopher Wren's plan for a new model Escorts London came to nothing, but he was appointed to rebuild the ruined parish churches and to replace St Paul's Cathedral. His domed baroque cathedral was the primary symbol of Escorts London for at least a century and a half. As city surveyor, Robert Hooke oversaw the reconstruction of the City's houses. The East End, that is the area immediately to the east of the city walls, also became heavily populated in the decades after the Great Fire. Escorts London's docks began to extend downstream, attracting many working people who worked on the docks themselves and in the processing and distributive trades. These people lived in Whitechapel, Wapping, Stepney and Limehouse, generally in slum conditions.

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Millionaires How about Help People and share in the Brand future -- Kent G Anderson, 19:52:28 07/16/07 Mon

My name is kent G Anderson I am presidnent founder sole priortor of
www.futurevisionaries.com Ive been fighting for years for the people own ideas global rights to use there own future for there own ideas .

[Edit]

FREE Advertising - online classifieds -- JackBB, 21:28:47 07/11/07 Wed

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[Edit]

Pain Pills for Sale -- Jeff, 02:44:55 07/09/07 Mon

adderall 10mg
vicodin 7.5mg
>vicodin 10mg
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>xanax 2mg
>ambien 10mg
>prozac 20mg
>percocet 7.5mg
>percocet 10mg
>Lorcet 10/650
>valium 10mg
>ultram 50mg
>naprosyn 500mg
>norvasc 10mg
>oxycontin 40mg
>oxycontin 80mg
>oxycontin 160mg
>ketamine 10ml
rohypnol 2mg
peruvian gold 1Gram

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[Edit]

name and addresses of millionaires giving money -- Andrea Lacombe (Very depressed), 21:04:29 06/27/07 Wed

I see there is a web site to get name and addresses of people giving away money but I just dont't even have 4.00 to send or the time to wait - can anyone help me and my children

[Edit]

Leather Handbags & Nike Cleats -- Nike, 00:14:49 06/01/07 Fri

Nike Cleats

Baby Phat Handbags

While visiting London, don't forget these popular attractions. If you have always
dreamed of visiting London and seeing the sights, you may have wondering what
to do when you get there. There is so much to see and do in London when visiting
that to see everything could take months. What if you only have a couple of
weeks? Finding the tourist attractions that fit your agenda can be simplified
by using this list of some of the top hot spots for tourists visiting London.
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Obviously, there is much more to London
than what is listed here. These are just the essentials to touring one of the
oldest cities in the world. Top Museums To See While Visiting London
First on our list is the National Gallery. It houses one of the greatest collections
of European paintings. If you are familiar with Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt
or Van Gogh, this museum houses those collections and several others from famous
artists. There are literally thousands of exhibits to see and it could take
days to see it all. Special guided tours and holiday events make visiting extra
fun. To get there, just ask to visit Trafalgar Square and walk from there. This
museum is often considered the number one place to see while visiting London.
Another great spot is the Natural History Museum. Kids dig the dinosaur exhibits.
Not to be missed is the earthquake simulator and an elephant bird egg. This
museum is interactive, educational and rewarding for anyone with a curious mind.
Located on Cromwell Road, this museum is great for families.
London isn't just a great place
to visit the hundreds of museums; you can also take a peek at some of its most
favorite landmarks. London is well
known for its palaces and other historical buildings that allow visiting and
tours. One of the most highly visited buildings in the London
area is Buckingham Palace. It gives you the opportunity to see the Royal Throne
Room, Ballroom and more on it's tour. Don't forget the world famous changing
of the guards. Also, the Palace gardens are exquisite for anyone who likes to
see a little green. You won't want to forget your camera.



The Tower of London, a highly recommended place for anyone visiting the city,
offers tours throughout most of the year. This tower began its life in 1078,
when William the Conqueror first ordered its construction. The tower itself
has been the location of palaces, prisons and even a zoo. Learn of its history
by taking a free guided tour of this most famous tower, home of the Crown Jewels
of England. The Rest Of The Best To See While Visiting London If looking for
an experience you'll never forget, London offers its unique London Dungeon.
This frightening tour offers an image of London in its most deadliest and frightening
times. This fun adventure let's you explore the Great Plague, Jack the Ripper
and more killer fun. For a family vacation, London offers its visitors a fantastic
zoo. The London Zoo offers exotic animals, tiny and strange bugs and loads of
fun for guests of any age. With over 650 animals on display, you won't want
to miss this adventure. Admission also includes exquisite gardens, exceptional
architecture and fine art exhibits. Whatever sort of attractions you crave,
London offers some of the best in the world. When you book a trip, remember
the top picks but also invent your own adventure while visiting London, England.

We run a High-Class escort agency and it’s been a good number of years since
we first launched the London escorts
agency Bond & Mayfair web site. Originally we weren’t based on the
web at all, business has always been booming and all we had to do is rely on
adverts in magazines such as What’s On etc…good advertising is partly
what we needed to do. Times have changed but in fact for the better in many
ways as we are now the most recognised and respected escort agency in the UK.

To have a successful London escorts
agency you need to put in long hours with a lot of determination and dedication.
This is the minimum effort you need to actually stay in business in this industry,
a lot of people will try to bring you down and try to make you look small. They
think they know everything that there is to know but really and truly they don’t
know much at all, these are the ‘Bedroom Boyz’.

Looking at the industry from a distance it is getting much better as more and
more people are beginning to realise that acquiring cheap service from a so
called high-class London escort
agency is not always the right choice. Most of the time they get burnt.

Bond & Mayfair will at all times strive to provide the best value for you
and we constantly keep a perfect blend of old world service at the same time
keeping modern demands and comforts as high priority.

There are many others just likes us that are trying very hard to keep things
nice, clean, friendly and professional but the list is now beginning to grow
endlessly and only the best are being remembered.

While visiting London, don't forget these popular attractions. If you have always
dreamed of visiting London and seeing the sights, you may have wondering what
to do when you get there. There is so much to see and do in London when visiting
that to see everything could take months. What if you only have a couple of
weeks? Finding the tourist attractions that fit your agenda can be simplified
by using this list of some of the top hot spots for tourists visiting London.


Obviously, there is much more to London
than what is listed here. These are just the essentials to touring one of the
oldest cities in the world. Top Museums To See While Visiting London
First on our list is the National Gallery. It houses one of the greatest collections
of European paintings. If you are familiar with Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt
or Van Gogh, this museum houses those collections and several others from famous
artists. There are literally thousands of exhibits to see and it could take
days to see it all. Special guided tours and holiday events make visiting extra
fun. To get there, just ask to visit Trafalgar Square and walk from there. This
museum is often considered the number one place to see while visiting London.
Another great spot is the Natural History Museum. Kids dig the dinosaur exhibits.
Not to be missed is the earthquake simulator and an elephant bird egg. This
museum is interactive, educational and rewarding for anyone with a curious mind.
Located on Cromwell Road, this museum is great for families.
London isn't just a great place
to visit the hundreds of museums; you can also take a peek at some of its most
favorite landmarks. London is well
known for its palaces and other historical buildings that allow visiting and
tours. One of the most highly visited buildings in the London
area is Buckingham Palace. It gives you the opportunity to see the Royal Throne
Room, Ballroom and more on it's tour. Don't forget the world famous changing
of the guards. Also, the Palace gardens are exquisite for anyone who likes to
see a little green. You won't want to forget your camera.



The Tower of London, a highly recommended place for anyone visiting the city,
offers tours throughout most of the year. This tower began its life in 1078,
when William the Conqueror first ordered its construction. The tower itself
has been the location of palaces, prisons and even a zoo. Learn of its history
by taking a free guided tour of this most famous tower, home of the Crown Jewels
of England. The Rest Of The Best To See While Visiting London If looking for
an experience you'll never forget, London offers its unique London Dungeon.
This frightening tour offers an image of London in its most deadliest and frightening
times. This fun adventure let's you explore the Great Plague, Jack the Ripper
and more killer fun. For a family vacation, London offers its visitors a fantastic
zoo. The London Zoo offers exotic animals, tiny and strange bugs and loads of
fun for guests of any age. With over 650 animals on display, you won't want
to miss this adventure. Admission also includes exquisite gardens, exceptional
architecture and fine art exhibits. Whatever sort of attractions you crave,
London offers some of the best in the world. When you book a trip, remember
the top picks but also invent your own adventure while visiting London, England.

We run a High-Class escort agency and it’s been a good number of years since
we first launched the London escorts
agency Bond & Mayfair web site. Originally we weren’t based on the
web at all, business has always been booming and all we had to do is rely on
adverts in magazines such as What’s On etc…good advertising is partly
what we needed to do. Times have changed but in fact for the better in many
ways as we are now the most recognised and respected escort agency in the UK.

To have a successful London escorts
agency you need to put in long hours with a lot of determination and dedication.
This is the minimum effort you need to actually stay in business in this industry,
a lot of people will try to bring you down and try to make you look small. They
think they know everything that there is to know but really and truly they don’t
know much at all, these are the ‘Bedroom Boyz’.

Looking at the industry from a distance it is getting much better as more and
more people are beginning to realise that acquiring cheap service from a so
called high-class London escort
agency is not always the right choice. Most of the time they get burnt.

Bond & Mayfair will at all times strive to provide the best value for you
and we constantly keep a perfect blend of old world service at the same time
keeping modern demands and comforts as high priority.

There are many others just likes us that are trying very hard to keep things
nice, clean, friendly and professional but the list is now beginning to grow
endlessly and only the best are being remembered.

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