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Date Posted: 21:00:18 07/10/06 Mon
Author: kwaipiu
Author Host/IP: cm222-166-160-14.hkcable.com.hk / 222.166.160.14
Subject: ¨t¦C¤T¤W¡G±d¼w½×·N§Ó¡]¤W¡^
In reply to: kwaipiu 's message, "¼B®Û¼Ð¡u±d¼w­õ¾Ç¡v½×¤å¨t¦C" on 20:44:04 07/10/06 Mon

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¤W­±ªº½×ÃÒ¤ñ¸û²²¤, ¦ý¦b<<­ì«h>>ªº¥¿¤å¤¤, «o¦³§ó²Ó½oªº»¡
ªk, ¥L¥D­n±q¹D¼w»ù­È (µ½) ªº®Ú·½¤è­±½×ÃÒ¡C¤£¹L, ¥Ñ©ó±d¼wÄÄ­z
³o­Ó½×ÃҨ䣤ӲM·¡ (ÁöµM¥L¤w¦³¤jÅ饿½Tªº·Qªk) , ©Ò¥H, ¤U­±µ§
ªÌ±N¨Ì¦Û¤vªº«ä¸ô¹ï¥Lªº·Qªk¥[¥H¾ã²z¡C
¦b<<­ì«h>>¥¿¤å¤@¶}ÀYªº³¡¤À, ¥L¤w¶}©v©ú¸q¦a»¡:

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¯à³Q«äijªºªF¦è¥¦¯à³QºÙ¬°µ½¦ÓµL­­¨î¡C "[24]

¤W­±¤Þ¤åªº "¦b¥@¬É¤§¤º, ©Î¬Æ¦Ü¨ä¥~" «ü¦b¸gÅç¥@¬É¤Î¸gÅç¥H
¥~ªº¥@¬Éªº»â°ì¤¤, ¥ç§Y«ü¦b¤@¤Á¥i¯àªº¥@¬Éªº»â°ì¤¤¡C¨Ìµ§ªÌ¤§¨£
, ³o½×ÃÒ¥i¤ÀªR¬°¨â­Ó³¡¤À:
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¸q)¡C
¦b¤ÀªR³o¨â³¡¤À½×ÃÒ¤§«e, §Ú­Ì¥ý­n¤F¸Ñµ´¹ï»ù­È (absolute
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»ù­Èªº¨¤«×½×ÃÒ¹D¼w­ì«hªº¨M©w®Ú¾Ú¡C
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¤U©M¹ï¤@¤Á¦³²z©Êªº¦s¦³¨Ó»¡³£¨ã¦³ªº»ù­È (©Î§Y¬O¯u¥¿ªºµ½) ; ¥Î
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§´®Ä©Ê¡C¦b<<­ì«h>>¤¤, ±d¼w°£¤F¥Î "µ´¹ï»ù­È" ¤@µü¥~, Á٥ΤF³\
¦h¤£¦Pªºµü¶×¥h«ü¿×³oºØªF¦è, ¨ä¥D­nªÌ¨Ì¦¸¦³: "µ½¦ÓµL­­¨î" (
good without limitation) [<<­ì«h>>P.15] ¡B "³æ¬O¦]µÛ¨M·N¤§
¬G¦Ó¬°µ½" (good simply by virtue of volition) [<<­ì«h>>P.16
]¡B "¨ä¦Û¨­§Y¬Oµ½" (good in itself)[¦P¤W]¡B "³Ì°ªªºµ½" (
supreme good )[<<­ì«h>>P.19] ¡B"µL±ø¥óªºµ½" (unconditioned
good)[<<­ì«h>>P.26] ¡B "¹D¼wªºµ½" (moral good) [¦P¤W] µ¥¡C¥Ñ
©ó³o¨Çµü¶×ªº·N¸q¬Û·í½ÆÂø, §Ú­Ì³oùؼȥB²¤¹L, ¯d«Ý¤U¤@¸`Á¿½×ÃÒ
ªº²Ä¤G³¡¤À·N¸q®É¤~¸Ô²Ó°Q½×¡C
¤F¸Ñ¤F¤°»ò¬Oµ´¹ï»ù­È«á, ¹ï©ó¤°»ò¬O¬Û¹ï»ù­È«K«Ü©ö§â´¤¡C¨Ì
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ªº¦WºÙ¨ÓºÙ¿×, ¦ý§Ú­Ì¹ï³o¨Ç¥Îµüªº¸Ô²Ó·N¸q¤]¯d«Ý¤U¤@¸`¤~§@¥X°Q
½×¡C
¨ä¦¸, §Ú­Ì­n¤F¸Ñ»ù­È (µ½) ªº·N¸q¡C¦b<<­ì«h>>¤@®ÑùØ, ±d¼w
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¥L«o¦³«Ü¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú, ©Ò¥H, §Ú­Ì¥i¥H¾Ú«áªÌ¨Ó¤F¸Ñ¤°»ò¬O»ù­È¡C
¾Ú<<¹ê²z>>²Ä¤G³¹©Ò»¡, µ½»P´c¬Û¹ï, «eªÌ«ü·N±ý¾÷¯à(faculty
of desire) ©Ò±ýÀò±o (§Y·N¦V) ªº¹ï¶H©Î¹ï¶H¤§·§©À, «áªÌ«h«ü·N
±ý¾÷¯à©Ò¤£±ýÀò±o (§YÁ×§K) ªº¹ï¶H©Î¹ï¶H¤§·§©À¡CµM¦Ó, ¥Ñ©ó§Ú­Ì
ªº·N±ý¹ï¶Hªº¾÷¯à¥i°Ï¤À¬°¨âºØ: °ª¯Åªº·N±ý¾÷¯à (higher faculty
of desire)©Î§Y¯U¸qªº·N§Ó (§Y¹ê½î²z©Ê) ©M§C¯Åªº·N±ý¾÷¯à (low-
er faculty of desire) ©Î§Y¯U¸qªº±ý±æ (desire in the narrow
sense) , ©Ò¥H, "µ½" »P "´c" ¤Gµü³£¦³ª[¸q¡C¨Ì±d¼w, ¦¹¤Gµü¤§©Ô
¤B¤å¤À§O¬°bonum ©M malum, ±q¥¦­Ì¬Ý¤£¥Xª[¸q, ¦ý¨Ì¼w¤å, «o¦³¤£
¦Pªº¥Î»yÅý§Ú­Ì¬Ý¥Xª[¸q, ¥¦­Ì¤À§O¬Odas Gute (good, µ½) ¡Bdas
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?el(ill, bad, Ãa) ©Îdas Weh ( woe, º×) ¡C«eªÌ (µ½»P´c) ¬Oµ½
·Nªº·N±ý©M¤£·N±ýªº¹ï¶H, ¦Ó«áªÌ (¦n¡BºÖ»PÃa¡Bº×) «o¥u¬O±ý±æªº
·N±ý©M¤£·N±ýªº¹ï¶H¡C¥Ñ©óµ½·N¬O²z©Êªº, ©Ò¥H, ¥¦ªº¹ï¶H (ÄY®æ¨Ó
»¡, À³¬°¹ï¶H¤§·§©À, ¦]¬°¥¦¥H¦Û¤v¦Ó«D¨ä¥L¨Æª«¬°¹ï¶H) ¨ã¦³¥²µM
©Ê©M´¶¹M©Ê, §Y¨ã¦³µ´¹ï»ù­È, ¦]¦¹, ¥¦¬O§Ú­Ì¦b¹D¼w¤W©Ò°l¨Dªº»ù
­È (§Y¹D¼wªºµ½, moral good) , ¦]¬°¦p«e©Ò¨¥, ¹D¼w¥²¶·¦³¥²µM©Ê
©M´¶¹M©Ê; ¦ý¥Ñ©ó±ý±æ¬O¸gÅ窺, ©Ò¥H, ¥¦ªº¹ï¶H¤í¯Ê¥²µM©Ê©M´¶¹M
©Ê, §Y¥u¨ã¦³¬Û¹ï»ù­È, ¦]¦¹, ¥¦ÁöµM¥ç¬O¥i±ýªº, ¥i¬O, ¥¦«o¨Ã«D
¯u¥¿¹D¼wªºµ½, ¦Ó¥u¬Oµê°²ªºµ½¡C[25]
³Ì«á, §Ú­Ì­n¤F¸Ñ¬°¦ó§Ú­Ì¥i¥H±q»ù­Èªº¨¤«×§ä¥X¹D¼w­ì«hªº³Ì
²×ªº¨M©w®Ú¾Ú¡C­ì¦]¬O: ¹D¼wªk«h§i¶D§Ú­Ì¤°»ò¦æ°Ê²Å¦X¹D¼w, ¤°»ò
¦æ°Ê¤£²Å¦X¹D¼w, ´«¨¥¤§, ¨º¨Ç¦æ°Ê¨ã¦³»ù­È (¬Oµ½ªº) , ¨º¨Ç¦æ°Ê
¤£¨ã¦³»ù­È (¤£¬Oµ½ªº) ; ¦P®É, ¦p«e©Ò»¡, ¦pªG¹D¼wªk«h­n¦³·N¸q
, ¨º»ò, ¥¦¥²¶·¨ã¦³¥²µM©Ê©M´¶¹M©Ê, ©Ò¥H, ¥¦§t¦³ªº»ù­È, ¥²¶·¬O
µ´¹ïªº, ¦]¦¹, ¦pªG§Ú­Ì§ä¥X³oºØµ´¹ï»ù­Èªº²×·¥®Ú·½, §Ú­Ì«K¥i§ä
¥X¹D¼wªk«hªº¨M©w®Ú¾Ú¬O¤°»ò¡C
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Å窺¨Æª«, »P¥ýÅ窺©Î§Y²z©Êªº¨Æª«¤£¦P, ¬O¨S¦³¥²µM©Ê¡B´¶¹M©Êªº
¯S©Êªº¡C©Ò¥H, ¦b¸gÅç¥@¬ÉùØ, ³Q§Ú­ÌºÙ¬° "µ½" ªº¸gÅç¨Æª«¤]¥u¦³
¬Û¹ïªº»ù­È¦Ó¨S¦³µ´¹ïªº»ù­È¡C¦b<<­ì«h>>ªº²Ä¤@¸`¤¤, ±d¼w»¡:

"©ú´¼¡B¾÷±Ó¡B§PÂ_, ¥H¤Î¤ßÆF¤§¨ä¥L¤~¯à, ¤£ºÞ§A¦p¦ó¦W
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ºÃ³£¬O¦nªº, ¦Ó¥B¬O¥i±ýªº;¦ý¬O¦pªG '¥h¨Ï¥Î³o¨Ç¤Ñ½á¤~¯à'ªº
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¤ê '©¯ºÖ' ªº¤@­Ó¤H¦Û¤vª¬ªp©³µÎ¾Aº¡·N, ¦pªG¨S¦³¤@µ½ªº·N§Ó
¥hªÈ¥¿³o¨Ç¨Æª«¦b¤ßÆF¤W©³¼vÅT, ¥B´_ÀH¦¹ªÈ¥¿¥ç¥hªÈ¥¿¦æ°Ê©³
¥þ³¡­ì«h, ¦Ó¨Ï³o¨ÇªF¦è©³¼v¥H¤Î¦æ°Ê©³¥þ³¡­ì«h¬Ò¦¨¬° '´¶¹M
¦a¦X¥Øªºªº' , ¨º¨Ç¨Æª« (Åv¤O´I¦³µ¥) ­Ñ¥i¤Þµoź¶Æ, ¥B®É±`
¤Þµo±M¾îªZÂ_¡C¤@­Ó¤H¥L­Y¤£´¿¥H¤@¯Âºé¦Ó¨}µ½ªº·N§Ó¤§¯S¼x¨Ó
¼í¹¢¨ä¦Û¤v¦ý¥L«o¨É¨üµL¤î¹ÒªººaµØ, ³o¼Ë¤@­Ó¤H©³­·»ª¨M¤£¯à
µ¹¤@­Ó¤½¥¿¦Ó¦³²z©Êªº®ÇÆ[ªÌ (Æ[½àªÌ) ¥H´r§Ö¤§·P¡C³o¼Ë»¡¨Ó
, ¤@µ½ªº·N§Ó¦ü¬Oºc¦¨©¯ºÖ¤§¤£¥i¯Ê¤Öªº±ø¥ó, ¬Æ¦Üºc¦¨ '©¯ºÖ
¤§­È±o¦¨¬°©¯ºÖ' ¤§¤£¥i¯Ê¤Öªº±ø¥ó¡C"[26]

¦¹¬q¤§«á, ¥L¤S»¡:

"¬Æ¦ÜÁÙ¦³¤@¨Ç©Ê½è, ¥¦­Ì¥iªA°È©ó³oµ½ªº·N§Ó¥»¨­, ¦Ó¥B
¥i«P¶i¨ä¬¡°Ê, ¦ý¥¦­Ì«oµL¤º¦bªº, µL±ø¥óªº»ù­È, ¥¦­ÌÁ`¬O­n
¹w³]¤@µ½ªº·N§Ó, ³oµ½ªº·N§Ó­­¨îµÛ§Ú­Ì¹ï¥¦­Ì©Ò¥¿·í¦a¦³ªº´L
±R, ¦Ó¥B¥¦¥ç¤£®e³\§Ú­Ì¥h»{¥¦­Ì¬°µ´¹ï¦aµ½ªº¡C [¨Ò¦p] ¦b©Ê
±¡¤Î±¡ºü¤è­±ªº·Å©M, ¦Û§Ú¸`¨î, ¥H¤Î¦wÀRªº­p¼{,[³o¨Ç] ¤£¦ý
¦b³\¦h¤è­±³£¬O¦nªº, ¥B¬Æ¦Ü¦ü¥iºc¦¨¤H®æ©³¤º¦b»ù­È¤§³¡¤À;
µM¦Ó¥¦­Ì«o¤´»·¤£¨¬¥HµL­­¨î¦a³QºÙ¬°µ½, Áa¨Ï¥¦­Ì´¿µL±ø¥ó¦a
³Q¥j¤H©ÒÆg¬ü¡C¦]¬°­Y¨S¦³¤@µ½ªº·N§Ó©³½Ñ­ì«h, ¥¦­Ì¤]¥i¥HÅÜ
¬°·¥ºÝ¦aÃaªº¡C¤@­Ó´c®{©³§NÀR¨HµÛ, ¦b§Ú­Ì²´¤¤, ¤£¥u¨Ï¥L¤ñ
¥LµL¦¹§NÀR§ó¬°¦MÀI, ¦Ó¥B¤]ª½±µ¨Ï¥L¤ñ¥LµL¦¹§NÀR§ó¬°¥i¼¨¡C
"[27]

¾Ú¤W­±¨â¬q¤Þ¤å, ±d¼w±N¤Hªº¦ÛµM¥»©Ê¤¤ªº "µ½" ¤À¬°¤TÃþ: i)
¤Ñ½á¤~¯à (gifts of nature)¢w¢w¥]¬A©ú´¼¡B¾÷±Ó¤Î§PÂ_µ¥¤ßÆF (
talents of the mind); ¥H¤ÎÁx¶q¡B«i¨M¡B°í§Ôµ¥®ð¸[¤Wªº«~½è (
qualities of temperament) ¡Cii) ¤Ñ½á©¯¹B (gifts of fortune)
¢w¢w¥]¬AÅv¤O¡B´I¦³¡BºaÅA¤Î°·±dµ¥ºÖ§Q (well-being) ¤Î©¯ºÖ (
happiness) ¡Ciii)ªA°È©óµ½·Nªº«~½è (qualities which are of
service to the good will ) ¢w¢w¥]¬A¦b©Ê±¡¤Î±¡ºü¤è­±ªº·Å©M,
¦Û§Ú¸`¨î©M¦wÀRªº­p¼{µ¥¡C±d¼w¨S¦³Á¿¥X¥Lªº¤ÀÃþ¦³ªº¼Ð·Ç¬O¤°»ò
[28], ¬Gµ§ªÌ±À´ú³o¥i¯à¬O¤@­ÓÀH·Nªº¤ÀÃþ, ¥Øªº¦b©óÁ|¨Ò»¡©ú³o¨Ç
¸gÅ礤ªº "µ½" ¬O¬Û¹ïªº¡C¦pªG§Ú­Ì±q¤W¤åªº°Ï¤À¨Ó¬Ý, ²Ä¤@Ãþ (¤Ñ
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"µ½" , ²Ä¤TÃþ (¤Ñ½á©¯¹B) «hÄÝ©ó¥~¦b¥@¬É¤¤ªº "µ½" ¡C¦Ü©ó¥¦­Ì
¤£¨ã¦³µ´¹ï»ù­Èªº­ì¦], ¨Ì¤W­±¤Þ¤å©Ò»¡, ¥D­n¦³¤G: ¤@¡B¥¦­Ìªºµ½
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¨Ã¤£¬Oµ½ªº¡C
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¯ë¨Ó»¡¬Oµ½ªº, ¦ý¤@­Ó´c®{ªº§NÀR«oÅãµM¬OÃaªº¡Cµ§ªÌ¥i¦AÁ|¤@¨Ò:
Áx¶q¦b¤@¯ë±¡ªp¤U¬Oµ½ªº, ¦ý¦pªG§Ú­ÌÂǵۦ³Áx¶q¦Ó¥h§@¦l¥Ç¬ì, ¥¦
«KÅܦ¨¬O´cªº¡C
°£¤F¤W­±©Ò»¡¥~, ±d¼w¦b<<­ì«h>>ªº²Ä¤G³¹¤¤, §ó¯S§O°w¹ï¹D¼w
ªº½d¨Ò (examples) ¦Ó¥[¥H½×ÃÒ, ¥L»¡:

"¤S, ¦A¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¨Æ¯à¤ñ§Ú­Ì·Q±q½d¨ÒùؤޥӥX¹D¼w, §ó¬O
¹D¼w¤§­P©R¶Ë¡C¦]¬°Â\¦b§Ú­±«eªº¨C¤@¹D¼w½d¨Ò¨ä¦Û¨­¥²¶·­º¥ý
¬°¹D¼w©³­ì²z©Ò´úÅç, ¬Ý¬Ý¥¦¬O§_­È±o¥R§@¤@­ì©lªº½d¨Ò, §Y¬O
»¡, ¥R§@¤@½d«¬, ¦ý¥¦¨M¤£¯à¦³Åv¨Ñµ¹¨º¹D¼w©³·§©À¡C§Y¨Ï¥|ºÖ
­µ®Ñ¤¤ªº¿W¤@¸t¤l, ¦b§Ú­Ì¯à©Ó»{Í¢¬O¸t¤l¥H«e, ¤]¥²¶·¥ý»P§Ú
­Ìªº¹D¼w¶êº¡¤§²z·Q§@¤@¤ñ¸û; ©Ò¥HÍ¢¦Û¤v»¡: '¬°¤°»ò§A­ÌºÙ
[§Ú©Ò¬Ý¨£ªº] §Ú¬°µ½¡S°£¤F [§A­Ì©Ò¬Ý¤£¨£ªº] ¤W«Ò¦Ó¥~, µL
¦³°tºÙ¬°µ½ [µ½©³¼Ò«¬] ªÌ¡I' ¦ý¬O§Ú­Ì¤S±q¨ºùرo¦³¤W«Ò©³·§
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¤§, ³o¹D¼w¶êº¡¤§²z©À¤D¬O²z©Ê©Ò¥ýÅç¦aºc¦¨ªÌ, ¨Ã¥B¤£¥i¤À¦a
»P¤@¦Û¥Ñ·N§Ó©³·§©À¬Û³sô¡C¼Ò­À, ¦b¹D¼w¤¤, ²¦³º­½µL¦a¦ì,
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ªºªF¦è¸m½Ñ¤£²z, ¦Ó¥u¾Ì½d¨Ò¥h«ü¾É§Ú­Ì¦Û¤v¡C"[29]

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, ¦ý±d¼wªº·N«ä¬O¤£Ãø©ú¥Õªº: ½d¨Ò§Y°¶¤jªº¤Hª«¦b¸gÅç¥@¬É¤¤ªº¤@
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¤W­±½×ÃÒ¤F¸gÅç¨Æª« (¥]¬A¸gÅç¥DÅé©M¸gÅç¹ï¶H) ¥u¨ã¬Û¹ï»ù­È
, ²{¦b§Ú­Ì¦A¬Ý±d¼w¦p¦ó½×ÃҰߦ³µ½·N¤~¨ãµ´¹ï»ù­È¡C¨Ì¤W­±ªº«ä¸ô
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³oùØ, ¥O¤H¤Q¤À¸Ò²§ªº¬O: ±d¼w¥Î¤F¤@ºØ«Ü¯S§Oªºµ½ªº¥Øªº½× (
teleological view of good) (³o­Ó¦WºÙ¬Oªu¥Î¤Ú³qªº¥sªk[30],
µ§ªÌ¥H¬°¥¦¥ç¥iºÙ¬°µ½ªº¥\¯à½×, functional view of good) ªº½×
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¬ð¥X, ¦]¬°¨ºùØ¥L¨Ìµ½ªº¥Øªº½×Æ[ÂIÁ¿¥X©wµM«ß¥O¨ä¤¤¤@­Óµ{¦¡ªº·N
¸q¢w¢w¥Øªº©Ê¡C [®×: ¦¹ÂI¸Ô¨£¥»½×¤å²Ä¤G³¹²Ä¤G¸`¡C]
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¤£¦Pªº¬O, ±d¼w±N³oºØÆ[ÂI¥Ñ¤Hªº¦ÛµM¾÷¯à¶i¤@¨BÀ³¥Î¨ì¤Hªº²z©Ê¾÷
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