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Date Posted: 15:02:11 11/27/08 Thu
Author: Gerardo
Subject: Re: Privateers
In reply to: Albert Parker 's message, "Re: Privateers" on 09:02:00 11/27/08 Thu

In major and older navies, Albert Parker's two-dimensional classification is O.K.
But at the minor and newer navies (as thos of the Hispanoamerican rebels), there were very few vessels of the first class (both YES); probaly none of the second (YES-NO); many of the third (NO-YES), as most of the major and medium vessels were merchant vessels purchased (about 1827, at the República Argentina, there were a few vessels - including a frigate - bought by public subscription).
And the vessels of the fourth class (NO-NO), sometimes were regarded as "buques del Estado" and their officers given naval ranks. This can't happen at the French or British Royal Navy, but at our South American navies there were a few samples.

I saw several books of Public International Law.
I'll copy some data from one of them, Isidoro Ruiz Moreno, "Derecho Internacional Público", Tomo III, Imprenta de la Universidad, Buenos Aires, 1941, pages 277 and 278 (the privateers' pages were 274/278; this lawyer also wrote at least an specific book about privateers):
"En el siglo XVIII (...) se concedían cartas de marca a súbditos neutrales para que hicieran el corso con buques neutrales: no obstante lo cual, varios Estados celebraron tratados en los que se estipulaba que los contratantes no darían permiso a sus súbditos para que pudiesen ser corsarios de u enemigo del otro contratante. Esta regla pasó luego a la legislación interna, y, con excepción de Gran Bretaña, a fines del siglo XVIII en todas partes se prohibía a los nacionales ser corsarios bajo otra bandera que la propia. Por esa época, se habían hecho universales las siguientes condiciones para que un corsario pudiera hacerse a la vela a practicar actos de guerra:
a) Autorización previa del gobierno cuyo pabellón enarbolaba: que se daba por un plazo determinado;
b) Otorgamiento de una fianza o caución;
c) Obligación de someter los navíos capturados al juicio de presa, antes de poder confiscarlos." (page 277)

Most of the Hispanoamerican privateers were private owned US vessels, with US flag and crew, equipment and guns. Then, the US Government (about 1815-1820) don't seriously enforce this international rules. A few times (some of them were indeed naval vessels, as the sister corvettes "Horatio" and "Curatio"), the artillery or some other equipments were shipped in a transport and the vessels sailed from US ports without heavy armament.

There were some bilateral treaties where each of the parts agreed not to use privateers against the other. Ruiz Moreno talk about a such treaty between Sweden and the Netherlands (1675), others between Russia and Turkey (1767), Prussia and US (1785). In 1792, one the French representants at the Convention, Kersaint, proposed the abolition of the use of privateers. This was approved by the Convention, but only Hansa and Hamburg accepted. Then, the French agreed not to use privateers against Hansa and Hamburg from 29 May 1793.
Bye
Gerardo

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Replies:

  • Re: Privateers french private war -- domi, 03:54:05 12/05/08 Fri
  • Re: Privateers french private war -- Albert Parker, 08:41:15 12/05/08 Fri
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