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>I translated a piece I found about coppering in Holland > >it's from: > >Geschiedenis van het Nederlands Zeewezen, Johannes >Cornelis de Jonge > >... > >As in Holland as elsewhere the age old way of doubling >ships skins was followed. >This consisted in clothing the keel in cow skins, >nailed in with an incountable number of nails. >As experience had learned this was insufficient >protection against <paalworm> and slowed the ship down >while sailing. >In England they started to use copper, after testing >on the frigate Alarm 1758-1761. >There was much resistance by many, and it was not >until 15 years later this process was to become habbit >in the Royal Navy. And soon all ships were coppered. >In Holland the admiralties saw the advantage and the >Amsterdam admiralty did their first tests in 1777. >Three to four years later followed by the admiralty of >the Maze, in 1783 the Noorderkwartier and 1786 Zeeland. >Expectiations were not fullfilled however, mainly >because the coppering was done wrong and the iron (het >ijzerwerk) was affected. This stopped further use of >coppering in Holland for a while. >A council of capable naval officers, and the >advantages in daily use, made that more ships were >coppered. >But it was until 1795 that cowskins were used. One >simply could not let go of the old habbits. >There were also protagonists: In 1786 one captain >Valliant (?) wrote in his book Werktuigkundige >(=engineering) Beschouwingen (=observations) van de >Uitwerking (=effects) der wind en zee op een schip: >“A warship which is not coppered today is no warship.” > >In 1790 Van Kinsbergen in a letter complained to the >prince about the problems about squadrons having both >coppered and uncoppered ships.

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