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>This implies that there was some resistance, and some >practical problems of implementation, but that the >English practice was noticed fairly quickly (the >British navy did not begin widespread coppering until >the War of American Independence) and its advantages >were also noticed promptly. De Jonge doesn't mention >cost as a obstacle, but that might also have been a >consideration, especially in the smaller admiralties. >It appears that de Winter's fleet was probably >completely coppered. Certainly, the Dutch were ahead >of the Swedes, who sent an uncoppered fleet to sea in >1807. Coppering is less necessary in the Baltic: >teredo worms are rare or absent because of that sea's >low salinity, barnacles and weed grow less slowly, and >ships can only operate for about six months at a time. > These considerations would reduce the need for >coppering in the Russian Baltic Fleet, too, but not >the Black Sea Fleet, and not the ships that the Baltic >Fleet sent abroad on extended expeditions to the North >Sea and Mediterranean. I wonder when and to what >extent the Russians adopted the practice.

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