VoyForums
[ Show ]
Support VoyForums
[ Shrink ]
VoyForums Announcement: Programming and providing support for this service has been a labor of love since 1997. We are one of the few services online who values our users' privacy, and have never sold your information. We have even fought hard to defend your privacy in legal cases; however, we've done it with almost no financial support -- paying out of pocket to continue providing the service. Due to the issues imposed on us by advertisers, we also stopped hosting most ads on the forums many years ago. We hope you appreciate our efforts.

Show your support by donating any amount. (Note: We are still technically a for-profit company, so your contribution is not tax-deductible.) PayPal Acct: Feedback:

Donate to VoyForums (PayPal):

[ Login ] [ Contact Forum Admin ] [ Main index ] [ Post a new message ] [ Search | Check update time | Archives: [1], 2, 3 ]

[ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ]

Date Posted: 21:22:24 01/16/03 Thu
Author: Beth-ps i'm done thank you
Subject: Ch 21 four sections missing

Varieties of Progressivism
*Antimonopoly
-fear of concentrated power
-urged to limit & disperse wealth and authority
-this idea appealed to workers, middle-class, and farmers
-helped empower gov. to regulate and break up stat and national trusts
*Social Cohesion
-belief that individuals are not independent but part of a great big web of social relationships, that welfare of any single person is dependent on the welfare of society of as a whole
-then there was the victims of the industrialization who were: women, children, industrial workers, and lesser extent was African Americans
*Faith in Knowledge
-many believed that social order was a result of intelligent social organization & rational procedures for guiding social and economic life
-gov. must play an important role in stabilizing& improving society
-which requires new & enhanced gov. & new breed of leaders & experts

The Social Gospel
A. Combined w/ humanitarian sense of social responsibility, helped produce many reforms committed to pursuit of social justice.
1. This idea is from Andrew Carnegie
B. Salvation Army
1. One example of fusion of religion with reform.
2. Was a Christian social welfare organization with a vaguely military structure
a. They offering both material aid and spiritual service to the urban poor
C. The message of Darwinism was not that the individual was engaged in a brutal struggle for survival of the fittest, but that all individuals should work to ensure a humanitarian evolution of the social fabric.
1. This idea was of Father John Ryan
D. The social gospel was never dominant element in the movement for urban reform.

I. The Settlement House Movement
A. Social Darwinism is argued against
i. people began to believe that if you were the product of an unhealthy environment, then to succeed, all you needed to do was improve your environment
a. social Darwinism had nothing to do with it
B. Settlement Houses
i. were homes for entire immigrant families that helped them adapt to and learn about America
ii. College women helped greatly
a. it was a place for unmarried women to work
- as a result, women like Eleanor Roosevelt were shaped into female leaders
C. the settlement homes create the profession of social work
i. the new profession spawned many reports and elaborate surveys on the need for urban reform
The Allure of Expertise
A. New group of scholars
1. People desire to learn more
B. Rise of social studies
1. Taylorism – scientific management
a. encouraged development of modern mass-production techniques (especially assembly line)
b. inspired a revolution in education and creation of an inquiry: social science
2. Social Science
a. use of scientific techniques in the study of society

The Professions
-many Americans had jobs in administrative & professional tasks: managers, technicians & accountants & workers
-new job opportunities opened up
-this opened up the middle class
*Middle Class
-high value on education
-they were securing their position in society
-demand for professional services increased so did the pressure for reform
*American Medical Association
-2/3 of all doctors were members
-strict standards for admission
-state&local gov. passed new laws requiring the licensing of all physicians
-giving licenses only to those who are approved by the profession
-John Hopkins first medical schools
-took out inadequate medical schools
*Lawyers
-in all 48 states established professional bar associations
-men had to enroll in good schools
*National Association of Manufactures
-farmers reform associations(farmer bureau federation)
-entrance requirements usually excluded:blacks,women,immigrants& the undesirables

The “New Women”
A. Socioeconomic Origins of the New Woman
1. The product of social and economic changes that affected the private world as much as the public one
2. Women stay home more
a. Had an influents on children
b. More women were looking for actives outside the home
3. The family size was declining
a. They wanted to do more things like educations
B. “Boston Marriages”
1. They were women living in an apartment with another women, like a roommate
a. They were single women
2. The divorce rate rose rapidly
C. Women’s Colleges
1. They were becoming more popular
2. American women at the beginning of the twentieth century were defining their lives in ways that included a substantial amount of activity outside the home

I. The Clubwomen
A. Women’s clubs
i. a large network of women’s associations that proliferated rapidly in the 1880s and 1890s and led to reform
B. with the creation of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs (GFWC), in 1892, the clubs moved from just a place where women could talk to a place where women could organize and share political ideals
ii. Black women also created clubs b/c they were often not allowed to join white women’s clubs
a. they lobbied for lynching to be a federal crime
b. others protested aspects of segregation
C. The Club Movement
i. it gave women a way to define their place in society w/out openly challenging the male dominated order
ii. It gave women a place to act and express themselves in ways usually impossible in a male dominated society
iii. The club movement did not only help the upper class women
a. the club movement led to the winning of state and federal laws that that
- regulated the conditions of women and child labor
- regulated food and drug industries
- reformed policies toward Indian tribes
- applied new standards to urban housing
- most notably – outlawed the manufacturing and sale of alcohol
D. Women’s Trade Union League
i. founded in 1903 by upper class women and merged w/ many women’s clubs
a. groups like this relied on male voters, legislators, and public officials to get their ideas heard
- most clubs emphasized to men how they want to “nuture and protect” the women and children of American and create a “moral uplift”

Women Suffrage
A. Radical challenge of women’s suffrage
1. Many people argued that women had the “natural right” to vote
2. Society believed that women should be wives and mothers
B. NAWSA
1. National American Women Suffrage Association
a. leaders – Anna Howard Shaw & Carrie Chapman Catt
b. 1917 – membership grew to over 2 million
C. Conservative Arguments for Suffrage
1. middle-class argued that “well-born” women deserve the same access to voting as blacks and immigrants
2. suffragists gained widespread support
a. 1910 – Washington extended suffrage to women
b. in the next two years 4 other western states did the same
D. Nineteenth Amendment
1. by 1919 – 39 states gave women the right to vote in at least some elections
2. finally in 1920 – the 19th amendment was passed
E. Equal Rights Amendment
1. Alice Paul (head of National Women’s Party) argued that the 19th amendment would not be enough to protect women’s rights – she was right
2. she gained little support

Early Attacks
-attacks on party dominance
-independent republicans(mugwumps)challenged the grip of power by democrats and republicans
-former mugwumps supported the progressive political reform activity
-states would have ballots with only thier party's people on it
-people were given tickets when they went to vote
-gov. came in & developed new ballots
-it did away with the ticket way
-votes were secret
-party rule could be broke in 2 ways: increase the power of the people by letting them vote the way they wanted & puting more power in nonpartisan,nonelective officals

The New Forms of Governance
A. Commission Plan
1. The mayor and council were replaced by a elected nonpartisan commission
a. This was capitalizing on public dismay, reformers, many of them local businessmen, won approval of a new city charter
B. City –Manager Plan
1. Another approach was to remove the city government form the hands of the parties
a. A professional trained business manager or engineer to take charge of the government
b. Tried to make the election of mayors where parties couldn’t choose the candidates
C. Tom Johnson
1. Reform mayor of Cleveland
2. They had the reputation of the best-governed city in America

I. Statehouse Progressivism
A. Many reformists considered state governments unfit to answer society’s needs
i. to reform the state governments and the party bosses that controlled them, they knew they had to increase the power of the electorate
B. there were two very important changes that the populists proposed called the initiative and the referendum
i. the initiative
a. allowed reformers to circumvent state legislators altogether by submitting new legislation directly to the voters in general elections
ii. the referendum
a. provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval
iii. by 1918, more than 20 states had either enacted one or both of these reforms
C. similarly, the direct primary and the recall were efforts to limit the power of the party and improve elected officials
i. the direct primary
a. the primary election was an attempt to take the selection of the candidates away from the bosses and give it to the people
b. in the south, it was also a way to limit black voting
ii. the recall
a. gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special election which could be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition
iii. by 1915, every state had instituted primary elections, but the reform was only adopted by a few states
D. the effort to take corporate privileges from elected officials also was addresses
i. many states passed laws prohibiting campaign contributions from corporations, and free passes from railroads
E. Robert La Folette, elected governor of Wisconsin in 1900
i. helped turn his state of Wisconsin into a “laboratory of progressivism”
a. under his leadership, Wisconsin progressives won approval of
- direct primaries
- initiatives
- and referendums
and also
- regulated railroads and utilities
- passed laws to regulate the workplace and provide compensation for workers injured on the job
- instituted graduated taxes on inherited fortunes
- they nearly doubled state levies on railroads and other corporate industries
b. reform, La Folette said, was not only the politician’s job, but that of newspapers, citizens’ groups, educational institutions, and businesses and professional organizations
- no one else was as effective as La Folette was in bending state government toward the goal of reform

Parties and Interest Groups
A. decline of party influence
1. number of voters declines
a. late 19th century – 81% voted
b. early 20th century – 73% voted
c. 1912 – 59% voted
B. Interest Groups
1. designed to pressure government to do members’ bidding
Labor,the Machine and Reform
-Samuel GOmpers kept away from reforms
-unions played a paart in reforms
-Cali. passed child labor laws and liminations of womens hours
-party orginization changed to go along with reforms
*Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
-a fire in new york
-146 workers died mostly women
-management locked emergancy doors to prevent malingering(injury to avoid duty or work)
-the fire was investigated
-imposed strict regulations on factory owners after the fire

African American and Reform
A. W.E.B. Du Bois
1. Was a educated African American, the founder of NAACP
a. He encouraged African Americans to speak out and that they can change things if they wanted them to change
2. Accused Booker T. Washington of encouraging blacks to mind their own business, which causes segregation among the two races
3. He wanted African American to go to College, excel
B. NAACP Founded
1. In 1905 Du Bois and some of his supporters met at Niagara Falls
a. They launched what became known as the Niagara Movement
2. NAACP stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
a. Whites held most of the offices at first, but Du Bois was the director of publicity and research was the guiding spirit
3. They had also take some of their cases to Supreme Court and have won
a. Like the Guinn v. United States 1915
4. Disfranchisement and segregation would be around for several decades
C. The NAACP’s Strategy
1. It relied on the efforts of the most intelligent and educated member of the black race.

I. The Temperance Crusade
A. Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol necessary to restoring order in society
i. they believed drunkenness spawned violence, and occasionally murder
a. on many occasions, workers came to work intoxicated and performed their jobs dangerously
B. Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (1873)
i. crusaded against drunkenness, family violence, unemployment, poverty and disease
a. gradually, and after the Anti-Saloon League joined the WCTU, the demand grew into the complete prohibition of the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages
C. the 18th amendment
i. by 1916, 19 states had passed prohibition laws, but illegal drinking continued
a. temperance advocates were beginning to push for a national prohibition law
ii. after gaining support for prohibition from rural fundamentalists who opposed alcohol for religious and moral reasons, the prohibition advocates went straight to congress
a. two years later, the 18th amendment was passed for every state in the nation except Connecticut and Rhode island (bastions of catholic immigrants), in January of 1920

Immigration Restriction
A. Eugenics & Nativism
1. Eugenics
a. science of altering the reproductive processes of plants and animals to produce new hybrids or breeds
b. efforts were made to “breed” certain ethnic groups with the best qualities
i. advocated sterilization of mentally retarded, criminals, & others
B. William P.Dillingham
1. stated immigration should be restricted by nationality

The Dream of Socialism
-socialist party of America grew during the progressive era
-Eugene debs was socialist candidate
-obtained support form many groups
-women reformers were attracted to socialism too
-socialist agreed for basic structural changes in economy
*Wobblies
-radical labor union (industrial workers of the world)
-under the leadership of William (Big BIll)Haywood
-single union for all workers
-rejected political action for strikes
-wobbies also created far flung social network
-1917 wobblies strike: timber worker virtually shut down production
-federal authority came down hard
-gov. needed timber for war production
-between 1917&1919 gov. passed laws that outlawed the wobblies
-survived for a time but never recovered
*Socialism's Demise
-moderate socialist dominated the party
-they advocated peaceful change
-did not support WWI effort
-they were subjected to harassment and persecution

[ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ]
[ Contact Forum Admin ]

Forum timezone: GMT-8
VF Version: 3.00b, ConfDB:
Before posting please read our privacy policy.
VoyForums(tm) is a Free Service from Voyager Info-Systems.
Copyright © 1998-2019 Voyager Info-Systems. All Rights Reserved.