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Date Posted: 22:16:31 11/11/02 Mon
Author: j
Subject: Ch13 Compiled(missing 3 sections)

Missing:
-Young America
-Slavery, Railroads, and The West
-The Compromise of 1850

I. Manifest Destiny
A. Social Perfection
1. People believed that America was perfect
2. Destined by God and history to expand its boundaries
a. Including, but not restricted to North America
B. Racial Justification
1. American race
a. Whites of northern European origins
b. Considered better than Mexicans and Indians
i. Were considered racially unfit to be part of the American race
C. Spread of Manifest Destiny
1. Penny Press
a. Cheap quick
2. Rhetoric of national politicians
D. Disagreement in the ranks
1. Were not in agreement about how far America should expand
2. Some just thought of what we have now
3. Others included Canada, Mexico, Caribbean Islands, Pacific Islands
4. Some even believed the whole world
5. Some believed in using force
6. Some believed in peaceful expansion or not at all
E. Opposition to Further Expansion
1. Henry Clay didn't like territorial expansion
2. Feared that it would reopen problems about slavery and stuff
a. It did
3. Most people didn't listen to them


I. Americans in Texas
A. America tried to claim Texas as a part of the Louisiana Purchase, but then renounced the claim in 1819
i. twice afterward, the U.S. offered to buy it, only to be met w/ bitter refusal
B. Mexican Folly
i. their greatest mistake: letting Americans colonize Texas
a. with the offer, Americans flooded Texas
C. Stephen Austin
i. established the first legal settlement in Texas in 1822
a. the power of his and other establishments grew, thus competing with the Mexican government
D.. in 1826, one American led a revolt to establish Texas as an independent nation
i. the revolt was quickly crushed
a. in return, Mexico put on an immigration ban
- it was too late, however, b/c by 1835, over 30,000 Americans has settled there (the immigration ban was dropped 2 years earlier)


I. Tensions Between the U.S. and Mexico
I. Friction grew between American settlers and the Mexican government causing many
Problems
A. Problems caused General Santa Anna to seize power of Mexico
1. Increased power of Mexican Government
2. Led an army into Texas; Americans had a weak defense
a. Sam Houston held an army in force
b. Defeated Santa Anna
II. Opposition to Annexation
A. Mexicans who had fought with the Americans were viewed with distrust
By the Americans
B. Sam Houston sent a delegate to Washington for a Union-joining offer
1. Support-people who supported westward expansion
2. Opposition-people who opposed the addition of another slave state
having a vote
3. President Jackson, who feared that the controversy would cause a war, did not support the measure
C. Texas attempted to become a country to rival that of the U.S.
1. Got foreign aid from European countries that wanted to still have a shot
at colonization of the Americas
2. The election of 1844 was centralized around the Texas issue


I. Oregon
*Britain and U.S. claim that the Oregon territory belonged to them
*they agreed to allow citizens from each country equal access
*most people already settled were fur traders
*missionaries became interested but failed to covert tribes
*soon white Americans outnumbered Europeans
*measles epidemic spread, blaming the Whitman mission
*the Indians killed missionaries and others
*many wanted the Americans to take over Oregon


I. The Westward Migration
A. 1840-1860
i. southerners mainly flocked to Texas
ii. old north westerners (modern day Midwest) is where most people came from
a. most traveled in family groups
b. the less fortunate traveled usually w/out families of their own
- the could make the journey working for a more established family along the way
B. The California Gold Rush
i. migrants in search of new lives
a. mostly young, single men at first
b. many hopes for new lives in cali
- getting rich quick
- taking advantage of the land the government was selling
- merchants wanting to capitalize on the new white communities
- mormons wanting to escape the epidemic diseases plaguing many cities
- looking for economic opportunities


I. Life On The Trail
*migrants had a wagon train led by guides
*death rate for travelers was higher than the American populations mortality rate
*journeys lasted five or six months
*many died from diseases, like cholera
*Indians helped out the white migrants in several ways
*families divided up tasks (women did the cooking and caring for kids; men fixed the wagons and drove)
*expeditions were mostly relatives or neighbors


DEmocrats and Expansion
*THe Election of 1844
-Henry Clay and MArtin Van Buren two leading candidates
-southeners supported the annexation
-Van Buren passed over for nomination,for James Polk
-Polk supported annexation
*James Polk
-in public office for three years his positions were re-occupation of Oregon and re-annexation of Texas
-entered office with set goals
-out going president(John Tyler) accomplished first of Polks goal
-Texas became a state by Tyler
-Polk took care of Oregon
*Compromise of Oregon
-British did not accept at first Polk's compromise for Oregon
-Then there was talk of war with British
-niether wanted war
-Brits accepted compromise
-land boundary was the same as today has not changed


Soutwest and California
*Texas Boundary Dispute
-Texas claimed Rio Grande as the border
-Mexico said it was Nueces River
-Polk sent General Zachaary Taylor to protect Texas from
Mexican invasion
-New Mexico had commerce between it and Independence, Missouri
*Intrest in Cali
-profitable trade with Mexicans and Indians
-American settlers dreamed about Cali becoming a state
-Polk then decided to bring in New Mexico and Cali
-quietly Polk started a war with Mexicans


Mexican War
*Falire of the Slidell Mission
-minister John slidell was to buy off the mexicans
-he was rejected by the mexicans
-mexicans crossed the Rio Grande and Amricans declared war!
*Oppositions to the War
-whigs thought the war was deliberate move by Polk
- many said the war was draining reasources
-americans won
*Taking MOre Land
-took Santa Fe and started to go after Cali
-Mexicans would not accept defeat
-Polk had an army put together to take the mexican capital and they did
-then the Mexican government negotiaten a peace treaty
*Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-Mexico seded Cali and new Mexico and acknowledge Rio Grande as Texas's border
-pay mexicans $15 million
-POLk not happy with treay wanted all of mexico but agreed with it
-antislavery leaders said expansion extended slavery to new relems
-with the Trist(was in charge of proposing the treaty)treaty accepted by Congress
- with the treaty war was over


Slavery And Territories
*Wilomot Proviso
-introduced a amendment to appropriation bill saying that no slavery in any territories from Mexico
-passed in the house failed in the Senate
-debated topic
-Southeners did not like it though wanted slavery there
*Competing Plans
-some wanted to extend Missouri Compromise line through new territories to Pacific coast
-banning slavery north of the line and slavery south of it
-others wanted"popular sovereignty"
-"popular sovereignty"=allows the people to choose if they are slave state or not
-unresolved still when Polk left office
-campaign of 1848 took the place of the debate
-Democrats nominated=Lewis Cass Whigs nominated= Zachary Taylor
-Taylor won narrowly
-Free Soil Party came into play

The Cali Gold Rush
*Gold Rush
-James Marshall found traces of gold in the foothills of Sierra Nevadas
-word got out and there was a mad rush to Cali
-population jumped dramaticly
*Fourty-niners
-migrants known as fourty-niners
-they gave up everything to search for gold
-they were mostly men
*Chinese migrants
-mostly poor peasants
-many young and adventrous
-wanted to be rich and go back to China
-gold rush left cali in needed of laborers
*Indian Slavery
-natives population went down because people were going and killing them
-state law allowed orphaned indians to be put into indentured labor
*Out Come of GOld Rush
-few got rich
-few 49 niners even found gold
-many went home
-some stayed and Cali had a population booom
-Cali had diversed population caused racial tensions
-tenssion grew to create a more stable government
-put pressure on U.S. to resolve the territory debate


Rising Sectional Tensions
A. Slavery
1. Zachary Taylor said that states should be able to make their own decision about slavery
2. California adopted an antislavery constitution at Taylor's urging and then asked Congress for statehood.
3. Taylor also lobbied for the same thing for New Mexico
4. Congress didn't like the idea
a. Antislavery forces lobbied for abolition of slavery in DC
i. Caused problems with southerners
b. Northern states made it so courts and police officers couldn't help return runaway slaves to south
c. Southern white states were upset that four new free states would be made
i. this would outnumber the slave states
B. Sectional Conflict over Slavery in the Territories
1. Even moderate southern leaders were talking about leaving the Union
2. In North, every state but one had prohibited slavery

-The Compromise of 1850

The Uneasy Truce
A. Both major parties endorsed the Compromise of 1850
1. Nominated Presidential Candidates
a. Democrat – Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire politician)
b. Whig – General Winfield Scott (military hero)
i. Whigs suffered defections from antislavery members
ii. the division among the Whigs helped give the Democrats a victory in 1852
2. Franklin Pierce attempted to maintain harmony
a. he avoided important issues including slavery
B. Fugitive Slave Act
1. Southerners began pursuing Northerners, who they accused of being fugitives
2. mobs formed in northern cities to prevent enforcement of the law
3. Northern states passed laws barring deportation of fugitive slaves

-Young America
-Slavery, Railroads, and The West

II. The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy
A. Stephen A. Douglas
1. Senator from Illinois well known as a leader of Northwest Democrats
a. He tell people what they want to hear
B. Kansas- Nebraska Act
1. The southern democrats wanted move from Douglas
a. Who pass this land to be a free state
b. So they split it in half on which made the new half of Kansas
2. President Pierce supported the bill
a. It became a law in 1854
C. Birth of the Republican Party
1. The Whig party disappeared entirely by 1856
2. Formed by Anti-Nebraska Democrats and Anti- Nebraska Whig


Bleeding Kansas
A. Events in Kansas increased political turmoil in the North
1. White settlers from both North are south more there
a. There were only 1,500 legal voters and there were 6,000 voters
i. This was caused by Missourians coming into make it a slave state
b. This make the free states mad
i. So they wanted to have their own delegates and petition congress for statehood

2. They didn’t get it, President Pierce was pro-slavery.
a. Mostly Missourians marched across the free- states to capture the free-states leaders
B. Pottawomie Massacre
1. Beyond the free states there was a man named John Brown
a. He said that he was a tool of god to destroy slavery
b. They move to Kansas to make it a free state.
2. He gathered six followers including his four sons, but also murdered five pro-slavery settlers.
C. Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner
1. Charles Sumner gave a speech about “The Crime Against Kansas”
2. Brooks, a member of the House of Representatives from South Carolina.
a. Approached Sumner and started beating him, he had such strength to fight back
3. Both were seen as heroes
a. Brooks in the south
b. And Sumner in the North


The Free-Soil Ideology
A. “Free Soil” Ideology
1. In the north the proper structure of society
a. Believed in “free soil” and “free land”
b. Argued the slavery was moral evil and must be gone.
i. Was dangerous because it threaten the northern whites
c. American democracy argued that they had the right own property, control their own labor, and access to opportunists for advancement
B. “Slave Power Conspiracy”
1. The south was a anti thesis of the democracy
a. Closed, static society, which preserved slavery
2. While the north was growing and prospering the south was not
a. They rejected the idea of individualism.
b. Solution to this” slave power conspiracy” was to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation’s democratic ideal to all section s of the country.
2. The ideology in the hands of the Republican Party.
a. Which strength the Republican of the union


III. The Pro-Slavery Argument
A. In the South a very different ideology with the free-labor ideology
1. Result in the Nat Turner uprising in 1831
a. Terrified southern whites and more determined to save slavery
B. The Pro- Slavery Argument
1. Professor Thomas Dew helped begin the effort in 1832
a. Slavery summarized their views
2. Calhoun stated that slavery was good for the south
a. Was good for the southern economy
b. Was the way of life
3. Defense of slavery rested too increasingly elaborate arguments about slavery
a. Give the institution a religious and biblical justification


I. Buchanan and Depression
A. Election of 1856
1. Democratic Party wanted a candidate who was not associated with the “Bleeding Kansas.”
a. Choose James Buchanan of Pennsylvania
2. The republicans, 1st presidential contest, denounced the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery but also endorsed a whiggish program
a. Nominated John C. Fremont
3. The knownothings nominated former president Millard Fillmore
4. Buchanan won narrow victory over Fremont and Fillmore
a. Because of votes in Pennsylvania and Illinois
b. Fremont got no votes in the south
B. At the time of his inauguration, Buchanan was the 2nd oldest president, at the age of 65
1. He was a painfully timid and indecisive president at a critical moment in history
a. The year Buchanan took office a financial panic struck the country
b. Followed by several years of depression
i. In the north the depression strengthen the republican party


*Dred Scott vs. Sandford
-Dred Scott was a slave who's master was a surgeon
-His master took him to Wisconsin and Illinois (where slavery was forbiddin)
- When his master died, Scott sued his master' wife for freedom
-Under Missouri Law, the claim was well grounded,so the masters wife granted his freedom
-But, the brother of the surgeon, John Sanford, claimed ownership of Scott
-After being a reverse decision in state supream court, Scott appealed and went to Supream Court
-Court Justice Taney argued that Scott was not covered under the Fifth Amendment because he was "property" not a person


Deadlock over Kansas
- The Legislaturecalled an election for delegates to a constitutional convention.
-The free state residents refused to go becausehad discriminated against them in drawing up district lines.
-And so, the pro slavery forces won control of the convention.
- When an election was called for the new territory, the anti-slavery forces showed up and took the majority of the votes.
-Most of the people in Kansas opposed slavery.
-The Lecompton Constitution was, at first, rejected by the people in Kansas, and it was disapproved the second time it was given to the people.
- If it was approved, Kansas would recive statehood and join the Union.
-It was not approved, and Kansas did not join the Union.
- During the closing of Buchanan's term, Kansas joined the Union as a free state.


The Emergence of Lincoln
-Lincoln was a very good public speaker and often attracted large crowds (including his passoinate attacks on slavery)
-He believed that slavery was moraly wrong, but he was not an abolitionist
-Because he could not make an affect on slavey that already exsisted, he made a plan to stop any further slave usage from then on
-His position satisfied his followers to get him reelcected into the Senate

John Brown’s Raid
-John Brown and his followers went to a fortress in Virginia to steal weapons from the arsonal.
- They were trapped in the fortress by local militia, citizens, and troops.
-Ten of his men were killed, the rest of them surrendered
- After being tried, Brown and six of his men were hanged


The Election of Lincoln
-Democrats divided
- After Lincolns election, the parties became disunioned
- This caused the begining of the civil war

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