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Date Posted: 00:42:48 10/08/02 Tue
Author: Jordie
Subject: Ch6 Compiled (no, really)

I believe the only missing section is:
The Quasi War w/ France
...but who really cares about france!
This is TRULY ch 6 compiled, so now we can get a good grade on the AP test cuz we can study w/ our spiify(almost whole) notes!


A. Weak central government
1.After the revolution, the Confederation Congress became ineffective.
a.the people needed the Confederation for protection against the british, when they got it, the Confederation was no longer needed.
B. Supporters of a strong national government
1.A rebellion was averted when George Washington stopped rich military men from rebelling against the Confederation.
C. Diverse needs among people
1.It had become clear that the people needed many diferent things and by 1786, the needs became so appearant that the question of a changing confederation was no longer "if" but "how drastic."
D. Alexander Hamilton
1.called for national goverment to overhaul the entire Articles of Confederation document.
a. along with James Madison of Virginia, he convinced the Virginia Legislature to convene at an inter-state conerence on commercial questions.
-very small turnout, only 5 states ent delagates.
2. since Virginia meeting was a bust, Hamilton suggests another meeting with all states in Philedelphia
3. Although reluctant at first,George Washington's support of the meeting gave it instant credibility.

I. A Divided Convention
A.founding fathers were 55 educated men who were all products of the American Revolution and retained the revolutionary suspicion of concentrated power
1. the convention chose George Washington to preside over all convention meetings.
a.unlike congress, the convetion used majority rule
2.James Madison shows plan for new "national" government and Virginians used it to control the agenda from when the convention began
3.Edmund Randolph fo Virginia proposed, in addition to the national government, that 3 branches be represented, the legislative, executive and judicial.
B.Madison, in turn, comes up with The Viginia Plan
1.Virginia Plan woul devide the new national legislative into two houses, the lower and the upper.
-lower house voted on members of upper house and since there were no represntaive rules, no state was guaranteed to have representation in the upper house.
2. William Patterson then comes up with a "federal" plan for government
a. In Pattersons plan, each state had equal representation, but it gave Congress expanded powers to tax and regulate commerce.
-in he end the delagates nixed Pattersons proposal, but took into consideration how much the saller states approved of it
3. in the end, the Convention voted to keep the Virginia plan but revise it so the members of the upper house were elected buy state legislature, to ensure equal state representation
C.Remaining Questions
1.Would the states be equally represented in the upper house, or would the large states have more memeber than the small ones? Would slaves count in population counts even though they could not vote and were considered property?
-many states wanted slaves to be counted if it meant larger representation at the convention, but did not want slave to count if the government were to levy taxes based on population.
-no one went to great lengths to fight for or against slaves in the matters of government

A. July 2nd – convention agreed to a “grand committee”

1. One delegate from each state

2. Ben Franklin was chairman

B. Committee proposed the “Great Compromise”

1. Resolved problem of representation

2. Called for new legislature

a. Lower House – states represented based on population

-slave counts as 3/5 of a free person

b. Upper House – states represented by 2 members each

3. July 16th, 1787 – voted to accept proposal

C. New constitution undergoes many changes

1. legislature cannot tax imports:

2. congress may not charge over $10 a head on imported slaves

3. no definition of citizenship

4. individual rights not listed


A.James Madison
1.creative political thinker of the generation
2.created the Virginia Plan
3.drafted most of the Constitution himself
4.resolved two philosophical questions
a.The Question of Sovereignty
i. Answer – all power, each level of government, ultimately lies with the people
ii. Distributed power between national and state governments possible
b.The Separation of Powers
ii. most distinctive feature – “checks and balances”
iii. designed to protect the nation from tyranny
B.September 17, 1787 – Constitution was signed


Federalists and AnitFederalists
A. Delegates at Philadelphia exceeded
1. Had a plan for compleately differenet government
a. they feared they might never be ratified by the Artical of Confederation
i. they changed the rules at the convetion
b.states had to ratify it
i. they did nine out of 13
ii. not Rhode Island
2. meetings started in 1788
B. Federalist papers.
1. suppoters of the constitution were the majority
a. more organized; Washington and B. Franklin were on their side
i. Washington declared the nation faced a choice of Consitiution of disunion.
2. Philosophers Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay wrote essays
a. explained meaning and virtuses of the Consitiution
i. later turn in a Book called FEDERALIST PAPERS
C. Critics of federlists were called "Antifederalists"
1. defender of true principles of Revolution
2. believed New Government would increase taxs, obliterate the state, wield dictaterial powers, favor rich people over common people
a. protect the liberties of citizens
D. Debating between federlist and antifederlist with their fear
1. federlist afraid of disorder, anarchy and chaos
2. Antifederlist were not anarchisty
i believe a need for a good government
3. antifederlist opposed the consititution for the same reason federlist suppored it: because it placed obstacles between the people and the exercise of power.
E. Ratification procceded quickly in the winter of 1787- 1788
1. virginia and New York helped flourish new gov.
a. ratified because the Bill of Right would be added to the constitution
b. rhode island is still is out

-Completing the Structure
I.1st election under new constitution in early months of 1789
A. most of the new elected officials favored ratification
B. Washington became president of the country
i.received all the votes of the electors
ii.inaugurated in new york on april 30th 1789
C.John Adams became VP
II.Congress
A. almost a continuation of the Constitutional Convention
i.principal responsibility to fill gaps of the constitution
a. congress approved 12 amendments to the constitution
b.1st ten became what we know as the bill of rights
-9 placed limitations on congress
-basic rights of freedom of religion, speech, press, trial by jury, immunity form arbitrary arrest and others
III.judicial power of the United States
A.congress decided to have a supreme court
i.serve justice to the people of the U.S.
a.the judiciary act of 1789
1. six members of the supreme court along with 1 chief of justice and 5 associate justices
2.13 district courts with one judge a piece
3.3 circuit courts of appeal each with one of the distinct judges sitting with 2 supreme court justices
4. gave over all power to supreme court in all cases involving constitutionality of state laws
IV.1st offices of government
A. president-George Washington
B.VP-John Adams
C.3 secretaries – State-Thomas Jefferson, Treasury-Alexander Hamilton, War-General Henry Knox
D.Attorney General-Edmund Randolph
E.Postmaster

I. Federalists and republicans(blue heading)
A.federalists
i.wanted a strong, national government, leaned to Alexander Hamilton as a leader
B. republicans
i. wanted a more modest central government, leaving most of the power to the states and the people, the gathered under the leadership of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
II. Hamilton and the Federalists(red heading)
A.As a result of George Washington's reluctancy to become involved in the deliberations of congress, Alexander Hamilton(secretary of treasury) became the dominant figure in his administration
i.Hamilton decided that the government shoud pay for the existing public debt
a. he looked to the wealthy classes for money and support
-he did not evision paying off the debt, but simply establish a new and permanant national debt, with new bonds being issued and old ones being paid off.
-he believed that if he could get the crditors(wealty class) to believe in the government, he would see the country survive.
B.Hamilton's report on manufacturing
i.once the natonal debt was assumed, hamilton began looking for new sources of revenue
a.as a revenue source, he enstated a tax on whiskey distillers
b.as the second revenue source he put a tariff on imports
-this was a good idea because it not only raise reveue, but protect american manufacuring from foreign competition.
c.the federalists offered more than just a vision to stabalize the government, they offered a vision of what the nation should be: a nation able to play a prominent role in world economic affars

I. Enacting the Federalist Program
A. Few Congress members opposed Hamilton's plan for funding the national
debt, but many opposed his proposal to accept it "at par"(face value).
1. Many of original certificate holders sold their bonds for fraction of
original value
2. Original holders would be merchants and farmers, others would be officers
and soldiers
3. Members of Congress believed that if the federal government wanted to
hold responsibilities of certificates, then they should be returned to
original buyers
4. Hamilton's allies believed that government should pay present bondholders

B. Congress passed the funding Hamilton wanted
1. Hamilton's ideas that Feds. Assume state debts, encountered great
difficulty
2. Opponents argued that if Feds. took over state debts, then those with
little debt would have to would have to pay taxes to service large debts
3. An example is Virginia and Massachusetts; Virginia did not have much
money, so deal had to be reached so that they allowed plan to pass
a. Deal involved location of national capitol
b. Virginians wanted capital closer to them, so Hamilton and Jefferson
talked about it over dinner, and they agreed to move capital
4. Bargain led to construction of new capital on the banks of Potomac River,
which eventually was chosen by Washington himself
5. Government would move there by beginning of the new century
C. Hamilton argued that creation of a national bank was compatible with the
intent of the Constitution, this sparked one of the most heated debates, which was only the first.
1. But others argued that Congress should not exercise any powers Congress
did not give them
2. Nevertheless bill was still passed
3. Washington showed some uncertainty, but signed it
D. Bank of the United States began in 1791, and had a grant to continue for the next 20 years
1. Hamilton also had his way with excise tax, although protests from farmers
forced revisions to reduce burden of smaller distillers
2. Hamilton's program had many of the effects he intended, and won support
of influential segments of the population
3. Quickly restored public credit, and Speculators reaped large profits
4. Manufacturers profited and merchants in the seaports benefited
E. Others found Hamilton's program less appealing
1. Small farmers complained that they had to burden unnecessary taxes
2. They had to pay property taxes, and bore brunt of excise taxes
3. A feeling grew that Federalist program did not serve interests of
majority of people, but of the small wealthy elites
a. Out of this feeling, a political opposition arose

The Republican Opposition
A. Politicians believed that party system was wrong
1. Left out of the constitution
2. "The public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties"
B. The Federalist Party (denied it was a party) created for the common good
1. Used positions and power to gain allies
a. formed associations
2. Thought they were working for the good of the American people
3. Opposition thought they were doing the same thing as he corrupts British Government of early 1700's
4. Lead by Hamilton
C. The Republican Party formed in response to the "tyrannical" Federalists, only to become manipulative themselves
1. Not the same as the current Republican Party, est. 1850
2. 1790's had a greater apparatus of partisan influence
3. banding together to win local and state elections
a. justified be claiming that they alone represented the national interests
b. fighting against a conspiracy of the Federalists
D. both groups refused to concede to the other the right to exist and believed that they were the sole power fighting for the good of the nation
E. Republican party lead by Thomas Jefferson puritanically and ideologically
1. Jefferson considered himself a farmer and his beliefs reflected a decentralized society
a. Agrarian society full of sturdy independent farmers
b. Commercial activity - selling crops nationally and internationally
c. Industrial - thought US should develop manufacturing
d. feared too many industrial workers that had no land
F. Republicans supported the French Revolution and the Federalists felt horror
1. Republicans agreed with revolutionaries
a. imitated Jacobins
i. cut hair short
ii. called each other citizen
G. Federalists mostly in North East and Republicans in South West
H. Presidential Elections
1. Both Jefferson and Hamilton urged Washington to run again
a. he was thought to be neutral
b. he mostly sided with federalists


I.Securing the Frontier
A.Whiskey Rebellion
i. in 1794, pennsylvania farmers began to terrize the tax collectors after refusing to pay a whiskey excise tax.
ii.after Hamilton's request, Washington gathered up 15000 militia men(more than the revolution) and personally marched them into Pittsburg(center of rebellion) and the rebels quicy dispersed.
iii.the government won the allegiance of the whiskey rebels by intimidating them and
a.then, pennsylvania joined the union.
b. by 1796, north carolina, rhode island, vermont, kentucky, and tennessee were all states in America.

I. Native Americans and the New Nation
A. Gov. faced a challenge in the Northwest and Southwest areas where
Indians challenged the republic's claim on tribal lands. The ordinances of
1784-1787 had produced a series of border conflicts, usually involving
Native Americans resisting white settlements. These continued for a
decade.
1. Although the gov. defeated every challenge, the question of who
would control Western lands was still unanswered.
B. These clashes revealed a problem with the place of Indian tribes in the
new federal government.
1. The Constitution recognized the tribes
2. Also made clear that they were not "foreign nations," nor were they
US citizens.
3. received no representation
4. Constitution did not discuss land. Although Indians lived on US soil,
they claimed the had right to their own sovereignty. The constitution
never offered any guide to the rights of a nation within a nation. so the
Indian/US relationship continued to be determined by treaties,
agreements, and judicial decisions.

Maintaining Neutrality

A. Between Great Britain and France because of the French Revolution
B. Edmond Genet was the first to challenge America’ neutrality act
1. By trying to get American to recruit in the war for France
2. Ignoring Washington’s policies and violation of the neutrality act
3. Now know as “Citizen Genet” an icy reception in Philadelphia
C. Second and bigger challenge came in1794
1. Great Britain sizing American ships
a. Hamilton was deeply concerns.

A. Hamilton wanted a commissioner to England, he didn’t trust the state of department to reach a settlement with Britan
1. Convinced George Washington
2. John Jay appointed( was the chief of justice of US supreme court)
a. Instructed to get money for British assaults on American shipping
b. Instructed to demand that British troops leave frontier posts
c. Instructed to negotiate a new commercial treaty
B. Jay's Treaty
1. Signed 1794
2. Treaty failed to achieve goals
3. Did settle conflict between nations and prevent a probable war between England and America
4. Gained American sovereignty over the entire Northwest
5. Produced a satisfactory commercial agreement with Britain
a. America needed trade from Britain
6. When treaty was made public, Jay was cursed by people all over the country for failing to reach all of the goals of the treaty
7. Many people opposed the treaty
a. Most Republicans
b. Some Federalists encouraged by France
c. American minister to France, James Monroe
d. Secretary of State: Edmund Randolph
C. Pinckney's Treaty
1. Signed 1795
2. Made easy by Spain's fear of an alliance between England and America to challenge Spanish claims
3. Thomas Pinckney had no trouble as negotiator to Spain in gaining almost everything that America had wanted from Spain in the past decade
a. Right of the Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and to New Orleans to reload oceangoing ships
b. Agreed to make the northern boundary of Florida where America had always insisted it was
i. along the 31st parallel
c. Required Spanish to stop natives from raiding into America from Florida

The Election of 1796
A.Candidates
1.Republican – Jefferson
2.Federalist – Adams
a.Adams beats Jefferson by three electoral votes
b.Jefferson becomes vice president
B. Hamilton remains most influential Federalist


I.Repression and Protest
A.Alien and Sedition Acts
i.Alien Act
a.placed new obstacles for foreigners wanting to come to America
b.stregnthened the president’s hand in dealing with aliens
c.resident Adams never deported any aliens, but the Alien act still discouraged foreigners from coming to America, and even encouraged them to leave.
ii.Sedition Act
a.allowed the government to prosecute those who engaged in “sedition” against the government
-in theory only libelous or treasonous activities were subject to prosecution, but since their definitions were so wide, the government could then stifle any opposition
iii.republicans
a.believed the federalists created the laws to try and destroy them
B.Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
i.Republicans pinned their hopes for the reversal of the acts on the individual states(the supreme court was not fully established yet)
ii. with the help of Virginia and Kentucky standing behind the opposition of the acts with Jefferson and Madison, they claimed they had the right to nullify any laws that all the states felt exceed the governments’ range of power
iii.ultimately, the republicans lost, having only Virginia and Kentucky join their cause
C.republicans did manage to escalate the feud between them and the federalists to a level of national crisis
i.in the 1790sthe feud came to a fever pitch when in a house of representatives meeting, Matthew Lyon and Roger Griswold ended up wrestling each other on the floor after a disagreement

The “Revolution of 1800”
A. The Presidential election of 1800
1. The candidates were the same as for years earlier: Adams, Jefferson, Burr, and Pinckney
2. The ugliest election in American History
a. The supporter of both side (federalist and republican) made negative comment to the opposite candidate
3. Unexpected problems
a. The election was closed so the constitution called for an elector vote by ballot for two people.
b. The Republican was a majority in the house of Representatives
i. Burr and Jefferson were republicans
ii. They tied
c. The federalist congress had to decide
d. Hamilton concluded that Burr was too unreliable, therefore Jefferson won
B. The Judgeiary Act of 1801
1. Adams felt that the federalist were dying in the government
a. He appointed judges to the supreme court until his last day in office
i. Called “Midnight appointments”

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