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Date Posted: 19:49:57 10/08/02 Tue
Author: Bezzzath ANn
Subject: Ch-8 outline Missing one section " t he end of the first party system

Banking, Currency, & Protection

A. Postwar Issues
1. War of 1812 produced chaos in shipping and banking, and exposed the inadequacy of the current transportation and financial systems
2. Political issues connected with national economic development:
a. reestablishing the Bank of the United States
b. protecting the new industries
c. providing a nationwide network of roads and waterways
B. Second Bank of the United States
1. chartered in 1816
2. the national bank’s size and power enabled it to dominate the state banks
C. Growth of the Textile Industry
1. 1810 – 269 cotton mills & 24 wool mills were listed
2. between 1807 & 1815 – number of cotton mills increased from 8,000 to 130,000
3. until 1814, textile factories only made yarn and thread
4. Francis Cabot Lowell – Boston Merchant
a. in 1813 he organized the Boston Manufacturing Company
b. in Waltham, Massachusetts, he founded the first mill to carry on the process of spinning and weaving together
c. Lowell’s company was an important step in revolutionizing American manufacturing and in shaping the character of the early industrial work force
D. The end of the war dimmed prospects fro American industry
1. British ships swarmed American ports and unloaded their goods, determined to regain the market
E. A Protective Tariff
1. 1816 – Congress passed a tariff law that limited trade from abroad

Transportation
A. Economic need after war, transportation
1.without better transport network, wouldn't be able to have access to raw goods
2.Old debate, should federal govt. pay for internal improvements
B. the idea of government funding for road building not new
1.Used in various cases Ohio and Pennsylvania
2. At same time steamboats, underway before war of 1812, were being used and carried more cargo than other river transports.
C. Steamboat and turnpike progress not enough
1.War of 1812 showed U.S. it needed more adequate system
D. Madison's idea
1.suggested that a constitutional amendment be passed to get rid of doubts of congress's authority
2.Calhoun introduced bill that used funds owed to the US to finance internal improvements.
E. Did not come through
1.Congress passed the bill, but Madison vetoed it on last day in office, still unsure of the authority of congress without a constitutional amendment
2.Transportation left to state governments and private enterprises to provide

The Great Migrations
A. The westward movement of the white American population was one of the most important developments of the nineteenth century
1. Reasons for westward movement
a. brought new regions into the capitalist system
b. it had great political ramifications
c. it created diversity
d. population in the East kept increasing
i. between 1800 and 1820, the population nearly doubled (5.3 million to 9.6 million)
e. economic pressures pushed Americans from the East
B. The “Factor” System
1. government agents supplied tribes with goods at cost
2. drove Canadian traders out of the region
3. this also made the Native Americans easier to control

White Settlers in the Old Northwest
A. Frontier Life
1. settlers built lean-tos or cabins
2. they planted crops of corn
3. they were plagued by loneliness, poverty, dirt, and disease
4. men, women, & children all worked in the fields
5. migrants journeyed westward in groups in order to form new communities
6. neighbors always worked together to help each other
7. gradually a thriving community was built
B. A Mobile Society
1. people were constantly on the move
a. they would settle an area, live there for a few years, and then sell the land and move somewhere else


Plantation System in the Southwest
I. Land was becoming exhausted in the Southwest
A. The soil lost fertility
a. over planting
b. erosion

II. Small farmers mover southwest
A. Cleared small plots
B. Grew cotton
a. found the soil to be very fertile

III. Larger farmers and Plantation owners move
A. take over small farmers
a. buy many small pots and have large fields
B. small farmers move westward again
a. moves very elaborate
1. taking may carts, cattle, carriages, long lines of slaves and every thing they owned

IV. New States
A. because of the movement 4 new states were formed immediately following the war of 1812
a. Indiana 1816
b. Mississippi 1817
c. Illinois 1818
d. Alabama 1819

Trade and Trapping in the Far West
I. Before the time of the trappers there was really no interest in the far west of the continent

II. Mexico having control of much of Utah, California, Nevada, and Arizona
A. Opened trade with the US after they declared in dependence from Spain in 1821
B. Traded with Anglo-men

II. Fur traders moved permanently to the Far west
A. many of them young single men
a. Married Indian or Mexican women

III. Fur companies established
A. The American Fur Company
a. largest fur company in the US at the time

IV. Mountain men
A. making a good living
B. living alone
C. paid for the pelts of animals

V. Mountain men and the Indians and Mexicans
A. most mountain men lived in peace with the Indians
B. Some did not
a. Jedediah S. Smith did not live in Harmony with the Indians
1. he lead raids to kill the Indians
2. the Indians killed him and stole his weapons

Eastern Imagaes of the West
I. The west knewn nothing of the west
A. Moutain men exagerated there stories so the truth was not know
B. Mountain ment did not map the areas that they trapped and explored

II. The US Government sent out surveyors to map the land
A. Stephen Long was sent out the map the land
a. 19 soldiers set out with him
1.up the Platte river and the south Platte river and across the Missuiori river
2.found a peak that was later named after him
i. was not always correct and said that the grat plaind was a desert and not suitable for living and grouning food
ii. later became the bread Basket of the US and the world


The End of the First Party System


John Quincy Adams and Florida
A. Like his father, he spent most of his life in political service.
1. Became one of great diplomat in American History
a. Was a committed nationalist
B. His first challenge was Florida
1. Many Americans believed that we should gain possession of the entire peninsula.
2. In 1817, Adams bean negotiations with the Spanish minter, Luis de Onis
a. Hopping to gain the entire territory
C. The Seminole War
1. Took place in Florida
2. Andrew Jackson in charge of American troops along the Florida frontier
a. Received orders from the secretary of War Chalhoun to stop the continuing raids on the US by the Seminole Indians
i. Jackson used those orders as an excuse to invade Florida, seize the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola.
ii. Also hanged two British men for supplying the Indians
3. Adams, urged the government to assume the responsibilies for it
a. Told the Spanish that it had right under international law that it could defend itself against threats across the boarder.
D. Adam-Onis Treaty
1. Jackson’s raid made Spain realize that the US could easily take Florida by force.
a. Adams implied that the nation might consider doing so.
2. In 1819
3. Spain gave up all of Florida and its calm territory north of the 42nd parallel in Pacific Northwest
a. In return the American government gave up it claim to Texas.

Panic of 1819
A. The Monroe Administration had little time for it to show is diplomatic successes
1. The nation was falling victim to serious economic crisis
a. A high demand, for American farm goods that was high prices for the American farmers.
b. Land boom in the western United States
B. National banks began tighten credit.
1. Caused a financial panic, everywhere, mostly in the west
2. The bank was the most burring political issues
a. Six years of depression fallowed
C. Boom and Bust.
D. American saw it and the widespread distress that followed as a warning that rapid economic growth and territorial explanation would destabilize the nation and threaten it s survival
a. They more focus on encourage and control the growth, later on


The Missouri Compromise
A. Tallmadge Amendment
1. In 1819, Missouri applied for admission to the Union as a state
a. Slavery was already established there
2. James Tallmadge, Jr. a Rep. of New York, proposed amendment to Missouri statehood, that stated that it would prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Missouri
3. The new states usually came to the union in pairs, one form the North and another from the South
a. When Missouri asked there were already 11 free states and 11 slaves states
i. They wanted to be balanced and north had more power over the south
ii. Hence the controversy over slavery and freedom in Missouri
B. The Compromise
1. Maine had also applied to the union at the same time (free state)
2. Henry Clay offered that if the combine of Maine and Missouri as one bill the North and the South would be equal
3. Then Senator Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois proposed the amendment
a. Prohibiting slavery in the rest of Louisiana Purchase territory north, under the Missouri boarder
i. Called the 360 30’ parallel
b. Nationalist both in North and South hailed this settlement.


Marshall and the Court
A. John Marshall served as chief justice of the US of almost 35 years.
1. He molded the development of the Constitution
a. Strengthen in the judicial branch at the expense of the executive and legislative branches
b. Increasing the power of the federal government at the expense of the state
c. Advancing the interests of the propertied and commercial classes
B. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward. (1819)
1. Further expanded the meaning of contract clause of the Constitution
a. Republicans tried to revise Dartmouth College’s charter (by the king George III in 176)
i. Tried to convert the private college in to a state university
b. Daniel Webster, a Dartmouth gradate, argued in the college’s case
2. Marshall stated “In is, sir…a small college and yet there are those who love it.” Brought some to tears
3. The court ruled for Dartmouth
C. The justices also implicitly claimed for themselves the right to override the decision of state court
1. Cobens vs. Virginia
a. State had given p their sovereignty in the ratifying the constitution.
D. Confirming “Implied Powers.” Of Congress
1. In the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)
a. The Bank of US became so unpopular that some folks try to drive it out of their state.
2. This, case presented two constitutional questions to the supreme Courts
a. Could congress charter a bank?
b. And if so, could individual states ban it or tax it?
3. Webster, was one of the attorneys for the bank, he said that the power to tax involved the “power to destroy”
a. Marshall adopted Webster’s words in deciding for the bank
E. The decision of the Marshall courts established the primacy of the federal government over many states in the regulation the economy and opened the way for an increased federal role in promoting economic growth
1. Designed to promote the growth of a strong, unified and economically developed United Stats.

I. The Court and the Tribes
A. Marshall and U.S. supremacy
i. Marshall made it clear that the U.S. would reign supreme in the matters of legal status of Indian tribes
ii. This conformation of U.S. supremacy led to a distinctive position for Native Americans within the U.S. constitutional structure
B. Johnson vs. McIntosh (1823)
i. leaders of Illinois and Pinakeshaw tribes sold land to white settlers (including Johnson)
a. they later signed a treaty w/ the U.S. handing over all their land.
b.the U.S. then gave the land (Johnson’s) to new white settlers (including McIntosh)
c. Marshall granted in favor of the U.S.
-he claimed that Native Americans had the right to their land that preceded all other American law
-American citizens couldn’t buy or take land from the Indians; only through the government could it be done
C. Worcester vs. Georgia
i. Georgia attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country
a. only the federal government could do that
ii. This was another important step in consolidating federal authority over the states and the tribes
a. this led to the belief that Indians had their own land and regulations and established them as sovereign (just as the states were)
-this affirmed the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of the U.S. government
D. Marshall’s decisions
i. defined a place for Indian tribes within the American political system and formed a basis of what legal protections they had
a. even though the U.S. had supreme ruling over the tribes, they still had their rights


I. The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine
A. After the War of 1812, Americans began to look to Latin America for trade and land
i. in 1815, America declared neutrality in the wars between Spain and its colonies
a. in contradiction to this, the U.S. sold supplies to the rebels
ii. Finally in 1822, President Monroe established diplomatic relations with, La Plata, Chile, Peru, Columbia, and Mexico.
B. Monroe Doctrine
i. in 1823, he declared that “The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”
C. American Fears
i. Americans feared Spain and its allies (France) would try to reclaim old territory
ii. Adams and many other Americans feared that Great Britain had designs on Cuba
D. Effects of Monroe Doctrine
i. few at first, but pivotal in shaping and instilling American nationalism
ii. established the U.S. as the dominant power in the western hemisphere


The "Corrupt Bargain"

I. the Revival of Opposition (blue heading)
A. after 1816, federalist part disappeared and republicans (not really a party, just representing people) were only organized force in national politics
i. by the 1820s, partisan divisions were emerging again
ii. Republicans began to take on federalist ideas like economic growth and centralization, and the opposition objected to the federal governments expanding role
B. by the 1820s, the question was not whether to expand, but how to expand the country.

I. The "Corrupt Bargain"
A. End of the Caucus System
i. When the Federalist Party ceased and James Monroe ran for reelection unopposed, presidential candidates were nominated by caucuses. (A meeting of member of the same political party to select candidates or decide on a policy)
a. In 1824, “King Caucus” was overthrown and the Republican Party nominated William H. Crawford
-other candidates won nominations and received endorsements from irregular mass meetings around the country
B. Presidential Candidates
i. John Quincy Adams
a. held the stepping-stone-to-the-presidency position but he knew he did not have much social appeal
ii. Henry Clay
a. proposed the “American System” of raising the protective tariff to strengthen the national bank
iii. Andrew Jackson
a. no significant political record: a short stint in senate, and war hero
C. Election of 1824
i. Jackson received the most popular and electoral votes
a. Clay and Crawford were out of the running but Clay still could weigh the decision
-Clay endorsed Adams since he and Jackson were political rivals and despite all of Jackson’s votes, Adams won the election on account of Clay’s endorsement
ii. The Jacksonians were outraged at his loss and even further so when Adams named Clay his secretary of state
a. what the Jacksonians called the “corrupt bargain” haunted Adams throughout his presidency

I. The Second President Adams
A. Adam’s Diplomatic Frustrations
i. the “corrupt bargain” frustrated his policies throughout his presidency
ii. After appointing delegates to a conference in Panama, (set up by Simon Bolivar, the Venezuelan liberator,) the delegates refused to go b/c congress opposed the idea of white Americans mingling with black delegates (Haitians)
iii. Georgia wished to remove Creeks and Cherokees from their land
a. in 1791, the U.S. government guaranteed the land to the Creeks
b. in 1825, white Georgians extracted a treaty from then leader of a Cherokee faction, William McIntosh
c. Adams believed McIntosh didn’t represent the tribe’s wishes, so he did not enforce the treaty
d. this led to a conflict between the president and the state
-The governor of Georgia went ahead and proceeded with plans for Indian removal against the president’s wishes and the president found no way to stop him
B. Tariff of Abominations
i. an 1828 tariff on imported goods
a. started with a tariff on Massachusetts and Rhode Island wool manufacturers complaining that Great Britain was dumping textiles on the American market that were artificially under priced
b. in order to win middle-states’ approval, the administration had to accept duties on other items
c. now New Englanders had to choose between less competition from Britain, or paying more for raw materials
-after Adams signed the bill, the southerners cursed it as the Tariff of Abominations


I. The Second President Adams
A. Adam’s Diplomatic Frustrations
i. the “corrupt bargain” frustrated his policies throughout his presidency
ii. After appointing delegates to a conference in Panama, (set up by Simon Bolivar, the Venezuelan liberator,) the delegates refused to go b/c congress opposed the idea of white Americans mingling with black delegates (Haitians)
iii. Georgia wished to remove Creeks and Cherokees from their land
a. in 1791, the U.S. government guaranteed the land to the Creeks
b. in 1825, white Georgians extracted a treaty from then leader of a Cherokee faction, William McIntosh
c. Adams believed McIntosh didn’t represent the tribe’s wishes, so he did not enforce the treaty
d. this led to a conflict between the president and the state
-The governor of Georgia went ahead and proceeded with plans for Indian removal against the president’s wishes and the president found no way to stop him
B. Tariff of Abominations
i. an 1828 tariff on imported goods
a. started with a tariff on Massachusetts and Rhode Island wool manufacturers complaining that Great Britain was dumping textiles on the American market that were artificially under priced
b. in order to win middle-states’ approval, the administration had to accept duties on other items
c. now New Englanders had to choose between less competition from Britain, or paying more for raw materials
-after Adams signed the bill, the southerners cursed it as the Tariff of Abominations

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