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| Subject: There were 4 periods of 12 hours between buy and sell | |
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Author: Mr 1--March 1st at 10.37am sell 6.70--to Mr 1 buy March 3rd 6.87 in pre open approx (few minutes short--pre open) |
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Date Posted: Thursday, March 02, 03:45:45pm In reply to: Four Faces of Pocahontas 's message, "  " on Thursday, June 05, 12:30:38pm> >osetonyorlandoanddawn.wav" autostart="true" >hidden="true" loop="false"> > >Four Faces of Pocahontas >Board of Supervisors and County Manager's Office >Henrico County, Virginia >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Many different depictions of Pocahontas exist today. >Pictured clockwise from top left: Mary Ellen Howe >(1994), Robert Matthew Sully (1850s), Thomas Sully >(1852), Jean Leon Ferris (c. 1921) courtesy of William >E. Ryder and the Virginia Historical Society. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >According to Native American lore, her parents knew >her as "Amonte" and her secret clan name was >"Matoaca." Her European Christian friends called her >"Lady Rebecca." Many have revered her as the "mother" >of our nation, the female counterpart to George >Washington. We know her as Pocahontas, legendary >Indian princess, daughter of the mighty Chief >Powhatan. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Four hundred years ago she lived part of her life in >what is present-day Henrico County. Pocahontas forever >influenced the history of the County, the Commonwealth >of Virginia, and America. It is her image that graces >the Henrico seal and flag. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Pocahontas' father, Chief Powhatan of the Algonquin >Nation, ruled a confederacy of Powhatan Indian tribes >in Henrico and eastern Virginia. A hunting party >captured Captain John Smith in 1607 west of Jamestown >along the Chickahominy River. Captain Smith later >wrote that he was taken to Powhatan and sentenced to >death. In his "General Historie" published in 1624, >Smith described his controversial rescue by >Pocahontas. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >"Having feasted him . . . A long consultation was >held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were >brought before Powhatan: then as many as could lay >hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid >his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beate >out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings dearest >daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his >head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save >him from death: whereat the Emperour [Powhatan] was >contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her >bells, beads, and copper . . ." >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Even though relations between the Indians and the >settlers were hostile at times, Pocahontas and John >Smith maintained a friendly relationship. In 1608 >Pocahontas may have saved Smith's life a second time >with her warning that Powhatan again wanted him put to >death. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Pocahontas was kidnapped by the settlers in 1613. She >was betrayed by two Indians for a copper kettle and >lured onto a ship in the Potomac River. She was >brought to Jamestown and used as a political pawn in >negotiations with her father. During this time she was >taken to the Citie of Henricus for religious >instruction. Pocahontas became the first Native >American in Virginia to convert to Christianity. She >was baptized an Anglican and given the name Rebecca. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >In 1614 Pocahontas married John Rolfe, and according >to Native American lore and local tradition, they made >their home in what is now Henrico's Varina District. >The marriage brought peace between the English and the >Powhatan tribes -- an accomplishment that would affect >the rest of American history. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Two years later Rolfe took Pocahontas and their son >Thomas to England. The arrival of Pocahontas in London >was well publicized. She was presented to King James >I, the royal family, and the rest of the best of >London society. While preparing to return to her >native land, Pocahontas became ill and died at >Gravesend, England, where she was buried. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >After growing up in England, Pocahontas' son Thomas >returned to his mother's homeland, became a militia >officer and commanded a frontier fort in western >Henrico on the James River. >------------------------------------------------------- >----- >Sources of information: Association for the >Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, The United >Indians of Virginia, The Virginia Historical Society, >Dr. Louis Manarin, author of The History of Henrico >County and The Complete Works of Captain John Smith >(1580 - 1631), in three volumes, edited by Philip L. >Barbour, v.II, p. 151. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >To read more about Pocahontas, visit the Association >for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA) >site. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Cross the Atlantic and visit Pocahontas' final resting >place: St. George's Church, Gravesend, England. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >To read about Pocahontas and the official Henrico >County seal, use this link. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Visit the 1611 Citie of Henricus, where visitors can >watch a "living history" unfold before their eyes when >they set foot on the grounds where Pocahontas, Chief >Powhatan and the early English settlers walked and >talked together. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues99/j >an99/object_jan99.html >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Picturing Pocahontas >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >An image at the National Portrait Gallery may be the >truest account we have of the Indian princess > >The corpulent visage of Henry VIII peers at me across >the centuries from the pages of Baziliwlogia: A Booke >of Kings. As I leaf through the 1618 edition, another >engraved portrait jumps out at me ? a New World >princess from Virginia. Though nobility radiates from >her resolute eyes, Pocahontas couldn't be more >different from the other royals. A Jacobean stovepipe >hat and lacy ruff can't hide her non-Anglo roots. Was >this the face that launched a thousand myths? >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >"Yes," answers Wendy Wick Reaves, a curator at the >National Portrait Gallery. This engraving of >Pocahontas is the only known life portrait. "life >portraits," Reaves continues, "are our greatest >treasures." The engraving is the oldest item in the >NPG's 18,000-piece collection. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >The Portrait Gallery also owns a more recent image, an >oil painting of Pocahontas done more than a century >later by an unknown artist who probably worked from >the engraving. Mythmaking has begun to work its subtle >magic on her face: the complexion is fairer and >anglicized; the high cheekbones no longer seem so >prominent. The hair is European brown not Native >American black; the intensity in the eyes has >softened. Anyone trying to get a reasonable fix on the >lady, somewhere between dry history and the Disney >version, soon finds out that none of the details of >her real life come from her own words. Historians have >pieced together her life from the accounts of others, >most notably her friend, Capt. John Smith, whose >veracity of detail and recollection is, to put it >mildly, questionable. During the intervening four >centuries others have showered her with virtues. Poets >and writers from Thackeray to Hart Crane celebrated >her charm. More lately rocker Neil Young sang, "I >would give a thousand pelts / To...find out how she >felt." And now we have the animated eco-warrior >princess from Disney. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Needless to say, many fabled stories of her life are >partly fiction. Top among them is her rescue of Capt. >John Smith from execution, romanticized in eternal >stone relief in the U.S. Capitol. Their celebrated >love affair probably never happened, either. We do >know that Pocahontas was born Matoaka, the favored >daughter of Powhatan, the powerful chief of the >Powhatan Confederacy of Tidewater Algonquian tribes. >"Pocahontas" is a pet name meaning "frolicsome." In >1607, when she was about 12, she first saw the 104 >Jamestown colonists struggling to survive on a >low-lying peninsula (now an island) in the James >River. Virginia's stifling summers and the swampy >ground bred disease. With remarkable lack of >foresight, the colony had far too few workers skilled >in the basics of survival, and those not brought low >by disease (more than half succumbed by the end of the >first summer) lived in fear of random Indian arrows. >Both English and Powhatans murdered each other in >periodic skirmishes and reprisals. Far from being a >peace-loving Indian leader, Powhatan hacked and >tortured his way to power. He even hired Indian >warrior mercenaries to butcher his rivals. In shooting >Indians, the English proved no better. Twice a day by >royal decree, they recited a prayer for the >"plantation" that declared its aim to "display the >banner of Jesus Christ, even here where Satan's throne >is...." >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Pocahontas managed to visit the fort during sporadic >peaceful moments. William Strachey, secretary of the >colony, described the little girl as "wanton," because >she cavorted with young colonists, cartwheeling naked >"all the Fort over." >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >One Englishman, Capt. John Smith, proved an exception >to the general haplessness of the little colony. A man >of action and a veteran of foreign wars, Smith saw >Pocahontas as a possible bridge to the Indians, and >perhaps a key to the survival of the colony. No one at >Jamestown could forget that the 116 English colonists >of Sir Walter Raleigh's Roanoke Colony from the 1587 >expedition had vanished without a trace. Smith learned >Algonquian words and customs from Pocahontas, and her >friendship brought tangible benefits to the English. >This much of the standard story is true. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >And so is the part that tells how Smith wandered into >a Powhatan ambush. The Indians killed his comrades, >took him prisoner and led him before Powhatan, who >treated him to a feast. Whether Powhatan intended it >as the last meal of a condemned man or the celebration >of an honored guest is still debated. Years after the >rescue, Captain Smith ? eccentrically writing about >himself in the third person in his Generall Historie ? >recalled how Indian warriors brought out "two great >stones . . . and thereon laid his head," preparing to >smash it with their war clubs, when Pocahontas took it >"in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him >from death." >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Many historians doubt Smith's life was ever in peril. >A popular theory, based on tenuous evidence, holds >that Smith unwittingly participated in an adoption >ceremony in which ritualized death brought symbolic >rebirth as an Indian. "Clubbing," notes ethnohistorian >Helen Rountree, "was a punishment for disobedient >subjects, not a treatment for foreigners." Slow >torture and execution by flaying, burning and >dismemberment should have been the fate of an >adversary of Smith's stature. In any case, Powhatan >gave Smith the Indian town of Capahosic to rule, >called him a son and returned him to Jamestown >unharmed. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >For a while, there was a measure of peace. Powhatan >supplied the colonists with food, often brought by >Pocahontas. When relations worsened, she shuttled back >and forth, trying to explain how each side felt. She >saved the life of a young colonist who wandered into >an Indian camp. Perhaps the boldest act of her life >was warning Smith about her own father's impending act >of treachery, probably saving his life and ensuring >the survival of the colony. He later wrote Queen Anne >that Pocahontas "was . . . the instrument to preserve >this Colonie from death, famine and utter confusion." >The colonists repaid her kindness by kidnapping her to >get concessions from her father. By this time, Smith >had returned to England. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Pocahontas eased relations between Indians and >colonists by marrying widower John Rolfe, the founder >of English tobacco-growing in Virginia. An able >student of English, she was baptized and took the >Christian name of Rebecca. Eventually, the sponsors of >the Jamestown Colony saw marketing possibilities in >this regal, converted, English-speaking princess. >Luring new colonists to Jamestown and finding >investors for the venture was a hard sell. What better >"poster girl" than Pocahontas? >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >In the spring of 1616, Pocahontas, Rolfe, their infant >son, Thomas, and a retinue of Indians sailed for >England. Pocahontas was presented to King James I and >the court. She became America's first celebrity. Poet >and dramatist Ben Jonson met her, asked her several >questions, then stared at her intently for 45 minutes >without saying a word. She finally got up and walked >away. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >But the damp English weather and the smoke from >London's coal fires began to take a toll on her >health. Several coughing spells forced her to bed. >After seven months, though Pocahontas was very ill, >Rolfe's family prepared to sail back to Virginia. >Rolfe wanted to get back to raising tobacco. >Pocahontas had helped the colony win more backing and >royal favor for Virginia, but she paid a tragic >personal price. While the anchored ship waited for a >fair wind, she died of tuberculosis or pneumonia in >Gravesend. She was about 22 years old. After the >funeral, Rolfe, who was told their baby son wouldn't >survive the journey, left Thomas with an uncle and >sailed back to the colony, never to return. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >Sometime during Pocahontas' stay in England, Simon Van >de Passe, the 21-year-old son of a famous Dutch >engraver, did her portrait on a copper plate. Prints >were sold to the curious, eager to feast their eyes on >the exotic princess who had so bravely assisted the >colonists. >------------------------------------------------------- >--- >By John F. Ross >------------------------------------------------------- >--- [ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ] |