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Date Posted: 06:11:28 07/11/03 Fri
Author: Cléber Vieira de Araújo
Subject: TASK 10

Cléber Vieira de Araújo
TASK 10

To answer the question proposed, parts of the explanations from the sites proposed will be transcribed.

The term 'lexical approach' was coined by Michael Lewis (The lexical approach: The state of ELT and the way forward, 1993). It is also linked to the language corpora which have been built up. These provide a record of the language as it is actually used, and therefore provides an alternative to a syllabus based on grammar.

In the lexical approach, lexis in its various types is thought to play a central role in language teaching and learning. Nattinger (1980, p. 341) suggests that teaching should be based on the idea that language production is the piecing together of ready-made units appropriate for a particular situation. Comprehension of such units is dependent on knowing the patterns to predict in different situations. Instruction, therefore, should center on these patterns and the ways they can be pieced together, along with the ways they vary and the situations in which they occur.
Activities used to develop learners' knowledge of lexical chains include the following:
 Intensive and extensive listening and reading in the target language.
 First and second language comparisons and translation—carried out chunk-for-chunk, rather than word-for-word—aimed at raising language awareness.
 Repetition and recycling of activities, such as summarizing a text orally one day and again a few days later to keep words and expressions that have been learned active.
 Guessing the meaning of vocabulary items from context.
 Noticing and recording language patterns and collocations.
 Working with dictionaries and other reference tools.
 Working with language corpuses created by the teacher for use in the classroom or accessible on the Internet—such as the British National Corpus (http://thetis.bl.uk/BNCbib) or COBUILD Bank of English (http://titania.cobuild.collins.co.uk)—
 to research word partnerships, preposition usage, style, and so on.

http://www.ltpwebsite.com/lexicalapproach.htm
References:
Hall, G. (1994). Review of The Lexical Approach: The State of ELT and a Way Forward, by Michael Lewis. ELT Journal 44, 48.
Lewis, M. (1993). The Lexical Approach: The State of ELT and a Way Forward. Hove, UK: Language Teaching Publications.
Dieter Kranz Munster University

http://www.ltpwebsite.com/implementing.htm
http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej09/r10.html
Lexical approach to second language teaching
References
Cowie, A. P. (Eds.). (1988). Stable and creative aspects of vocabulary use. In R. Carter & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary and language teaching (pp. 126-137). Harlow: Longman.
Keller, E. (1979). Gambits: Conversational strategy signals. Journal of Pragmatics, 3, 219-237.
Lewis, M. (1993). The lexical approach: The state of ELT and the way forward. Hove, England: Language Teaching Publications.
Lewis, M. (1997a). Implementing the lexical approach: Putting theory into practice. Hove, England: Language Teaching Publications.
Lewis, M. (1997b). Pedagogical implications of the lexical approach. In J. Coady & T. Huckin (Eds.), Second language vocabulary acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy (pp. 255-270). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nattinger, J. (1980). A lexical phrase grammar for ESL. TESOL Quarterly, 14, 337-344.
Nattinger, J., & DeCarrico, J. (1992). Lexical phrases and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pawley, A., & Syder, F. (1983). Two puzzles for linguistic theory: Native-like selection and native-like fluency. In J. Richards & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and communication (pp. 191-226). London: Longman.
Peters, A. (1983). The units of language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching: A description and analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sinclair, J. M. (Ed.). (1987). Looking up: An account of the COBUILD project in lexical computing. London: Collins COBUILD.
Sinclair, J. M., & Renouf, A. (Eds.). (1988). A lexical syllabus for language learning. In R. Carter & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary and language teaching (pp. 140-158). Harlow: Longman.
Willis, D. (1990). The lexical syllabus: A new approach to language teaching. London: Collins COBUILD.
Willis, J., & Willis, D. (1989). Collins COBUILD English course. London: Collins COBUILD.
Zimmerman, C. B. (1997). Historical trends in second language vocabulary instruction. In J. Coady & T. Huckin (Eds.), Second language vocabulary acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy (pp. 5-19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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