Out-of-Place Fossils 3 -- steve's forum

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Sometimes, land animals, flying animals, and marine animals are fossilized side-by-side in the same rock (g). Dinosaur, whale, elephant, horse, and other fossils, plus crude human tools, have reportedly been found in phosphate beds in South Carolina (h). Coal beds contain round, black lumps called coal balls, some of which contain flowering plants that allegedly evolved 100 million years after the coal bed was formed (i). In the Grand Canyon, in Venezuela, in Kashmir, and in Guyana, spores of ferns and pollen from flowering plants are found in Cambrian (j) rocks�rocks supposedly deposited before flowering plants evolved. Pollen has also been found in Precambrian (k) rocks deposited before life allegedly evolved.

g. Andrew Snelling, �Fossil Bluff,� Ex Nihilo, Vol. 7, No. 3, March 1985, p. 8.

Carol Armstrong, �Florida Fossils Puzzle the Experts,� Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol. 21, March 1985, pp. 198�199.

Pat Shipman, �Dumping on Science,� Discover, December 1987, p. 64.

h. Francis S. Holmes, Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina and the �Great Carolina Marl Bed� (Charleston, South Carolina: Holmes� Book House, 1870).

Edward J. Nolan, �Remarks on Fossils from the Ashley Phosphate Beds,� Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876, pp. 80�81.

John Watson did extensive library research on the relatively unknown fossil discoveries in these beds. Their vast content of bones provides the rich phosphate content. Personal communications, 1992.

i. A. C. No�, �A Paleozoic Angiosperm,� Journal of Geology, Vol. 31, May�June 1923, pp. 344�347.

j. R. M. Stainforth, �Occurrence of Pollen and Spores in the Roraima Formation of Venezuela and British Guiana,� Nature, Vol. 210, 16 April 1966, pp. 292�294.

A. K. Ghosh and A. Bose, �Spores and Tracheids from the Cambrian of Kashmir,� Nature, Vol. 169, 21 June 1952, pp. 1056�1057.

k. George F. Howe et al., �A Pollen Analysis of Hakatai Shale and Other Grand Canyon Rocks,� Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol. 24, March 1988, pp. 173�182.