DNA and Proteins -- Science Disproves Evolution

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DNA cannot function without hundreds of preexisting proteins (a), but proteins are produced only at the direction of DNA (b). Because each needs the other, a satisfactory explanation for the origin of one must also explain the origin of the other (c). Therefore, the components of these manufacturing systems must have come into existence simultaneously. This implies creation.

Some of these necessary protein systems decode the DNA, store the DNA (histones spools), transcribe it into messenger RNA, and assemble proteins (ribosomes). These systems, present in each cell, are extremely complex.

One of the most studied proteins in mammals, including humans, is called p53. It binds to thousands of DNA sites and influences cell growth, death, and structure. It is involved in fertility and early embryonic development. It also stifles cancers by repairing DNA, suppressing tumors, and killing genetically damaged cells (d). How could DNA have survived unless p53 and its many functions already existed?

In each human, tens of thousands of genes are damaged daily (e)! Also, when a cell divides, its DNA at times is copied with errors. Every organism has machinery that identifies and repairs damaged and mistranslated DNA (f). Without such repair systems, the organism would quickly deteriorate and die. If evolution happened, each organism would have become extinct before these DNA repair mechanisms could evolve.

Life�s complexity is mind boggling�not something that random process could ever produce.

a. Ribosomes, complex structures that assemble proteins, have or require about 200 different proteins. The number depends somewhat on whether the organism is a bacterium, eukaryote, or archaea.

b. Richard E. Dickerson, �Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life,� Scientific American, Vol. 239, September 1978, p. 73.

�The amino acids must link together to form proteins, and the other chemicals must join up to make nucleic acids, including the vital DNA. The seemingly insurmountable obstacle is the way the two reactions are inseparably linked�one can�t happen without the other. Proteins depend on DNA for their formation. But DNA cannot form without pre-existing protein.� Hitching, p. 66.

c. �The origin of the genetic code presents formidable unsolved problems. The coded information in the nucleotide sequence is meaningless without the translation machinery, but the specification for this machinery is itself coded in the DNA. Thus without the machinery the information is meaningless, but without the coded information the machinery cannot be produced! This presents a paradox of the �chicken and egg� variety, and attempts to solve it have so far been sterile.� John C. Walton, (Lecturer in Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland), �Organization and the Origin of Life,� Origins, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1977, pp. 30�31.

�Genes and enzymes are linked together in a living cell�two interlocked systems, each supporting the other. It is difficult to see how either could manage alone. Yet if we are to avoid invoking either a Creator or a very large improbability, we must accept that one occurred before the other in the origin of life. But which one was it? We are left with the ancient riddle: Which came first, the chicken or the egg?� Shapiro, p. 135.

�Because DNA and proteins depend so intimately on each other for their survival, it�s hard to imagine one of them having evolved first. But it�s just as implausible for them to have emerged simultaneously out of a prebiotic soup.� Carl Zimmer, �How and Where Did Life on Earth Arise?� Science, Vol. 309, 1 July 2005, p. 89.

d. Mitch Leslie, �Brothers in Arms Against Cancer,� Science, Vol. 331, 25 March 2011, pp. 1551�1552

Erika Check Hayden, �Life Is Complicated,� Nature, Vol. 464, 1 April 2010, pp. 664�667.

e. �... the human body receives tens of thousands of DNA lesions per day.� Stephen P. Jackson and Jiri Bartek, �The DNA-Damage Response in Human Biology and Disease,� Nature, Vol. 461, 22 October 2009, p. 1071.

f. Tomas Lindahl and Richard D. Wood, �Quality Control by DNA Repair,� Science, Vol. 286, 3 December 1999, pp. 1897-1905.