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Date Posted: 19:35:41 07/06/12 Fri
Author: issue 410 Gotye effective Tuesday3/7/2012 toMonday 16/7/2012
Subject: "Bioengineering, Ethics and Mental Disability."
In reply to: Peter Albert David Singer AC Born (1946-07-06) 6 July 1946 's message, "Orstalian Kulture number 38==issue 410 Gotye" on 19:32:16 07/06/12 Fri

The same year, Peter Singer was invited to speak in Marburg at a European symposium on "Bioengineering, Ethics and Mental Disability." The invitation was brutally attacked by leading intellectuals and organizations in German media, with an article in Der Spiegel comparing Singer's positions to Nazism. The symposium was eventually cancelled and Singer's invitation consequently withdrawn.[54]

A lecture at the Zoological Institute of the University of Zurich was also interrupted by two groups of protesters. The first group was a group of disabled people who staged a brief protest at the beginning of the lecture. They objected to inviting an advocate of euthanasia to speak. At the end of this protest, when Singer attempted to address their concerns, a second group of protesters rose and began chanting "Singer raus! Singer raus!" ("Singer out!") When Singer attempted to respond, a protester jumped on stage and grabbed his glasses, and the host ended the lecture. The first group of protesters was distressed by this second, more aggressive group. It had not intended to halt the lecture and even had questions to ask Singer. Singer explains "my views are not threatening to anyone, even minimally" and says that some groups play on the anxieties of those who hear only keywords that are understandably worrying (given the constant fears of ever repeating the Holocaust) if taken with any less than the full context of his belief system.[55][56]

In 1991, Singer was due to speak along with R. M. Hare and Georg Meggle at the fifteenth International Wittgenstein Symposium in Kirchberg, Austria. Singer has stated that threats were made to Adolf Hübner, then the president of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, that the conference would be disrupted if Singer and Meggle were given a platform. Hübner proposed to the board of the society that Singer's invitation (as well as the invitations of a number of other speakers) be withdrawn. The Society decided to cancel the symposium.[52]

In an article originally published in The New York Review of Books, Singer argued that the protests dramatically increased the amount of coverage he got: "instead of a few hundred people hearing views at lectures in Marburg and Dortmund, several millions read about them or listened to them on television". Despite this, Singer argues that it has led to a difficult intellectual climate, with professors not able to teach courses in Germany on applied ethics and campaigns demanding the resignation of professors who invited Singer to speak.[52]

[edit] Meta-ethics and foundational issues
Singer lecturing at Washington University in St. Louis.Though Singer focuses more than many philosophers on applied ethical questions, he has also written in depth on foundational issues in meta-ethics, including why one ethical system should be chosen over others. In The Expanding Circle,[57] he argues that the evolution of human society provides support for the utilitarian point of view. On his account, ethical reasoning has existed from the time primitive foraging bands had to cooperate, compromise, and make group decisions to survive. He elaborates: "In a dispute between members of a cohesive group of reasoning beings, the demand for a reason is a demand for a justification that can be accepted by the group as a whole."[58] Thus, consideration of others' interests has long been a necessary part of the human experience. Singer believes that contemplative analysis may now guide one to accept a broader utilitarianism:

If I have seen that from an ethical point of view I am just one person among the many in my society, and my interests are no more important, from the point of view of the whole, than the similar interests of others within my society, I am ready to see that, from a still larger point of view, my society is just one among other societies, and the interests of members of my society are no more important, from that larger perspective, than the similar interests of members of other societies... Taking the impartial element in ethical reasoning to its logical conclusion means, first, accepting that we ought to have equal concern for all human beings.

Singer elaborates that viewing oneself as equal to others in one's society and at the same time viewing one's society as fundamentally superior to other societies may cause an uncomfortable cognitive dissonance. This is the sense in which he means that reason may push people to accept a broader utilitarian stance.[59] Critics like Ken Binmore say that this cognitive dissonance is apparently not very strong, since people often knowingly ignore the interests of faraway societies quite similar to their own, and that the "ought" above only applies if one already accepts Singer's basic premises about the equality of various interests.[60][page needed]

An alternative line taken by Singer about the need for ethics[61] is that living the ethical life may be, on the whole, more satisfying than seeking only material gain. He invokes the hedonistic paradox, noting that those who pursue material gain seldom find the happiness they seek. Having a broader purpose in life may lead to more long-term happiness. On this account, impartial (self-sacrificing) behavior in particular matters may be motivated by self-interested considerations from a broader perspective.

Singer has also implicitly argued that an airtight defense of utilitarianism is not crucial to his work. In "Famine, Affluence, and Morality",[62] he begins by saying that he would like to see how far a seemingly innocuous and widely endorsed principle can take us; the principle is that one is morally required to forgo a small pleasure to relieve someone else's immense pain. He then argues that this principle entails radical conclusions—for example, that affluent people are very immoral if they do not give up some luxury goods to donate the money for famine relief. If his reasoning is valid, he goes on to argue, either it is not very immoral to value small luxuries over saving many lives, or such affluent people are very immoral. As Singer argues in the same essay, regardless of the soundness of his fundamental defense of utilitarianism, his argument has value in that it exposes conflicts between many people's stated beliefs and their actions.

[edit] HonoursOn 11 June 2012, Singer was named an Companion of the Order of Australia for "eminent service to philosophy and bioethics as a leader of public debate and communicator of ideas in the areas of global poverty, animal welfare and the human condition."[1]

[edit] PublicationsSinger is one of the most prolific writers in philosophy, sometimes publishing several books a year as well as public engagement. His books include:

Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals, New York Review/Random House, New York, 1975; Cape, London, 1976; Avon, New York, 1977; Paladin, London, 1977; Thorsons, London, 1983. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, New York, 2009.
Democracy and Disobedience, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973; Oxford University Press, New York, 1974; Gregg Revivals, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1994
Animal Rights and Human Obligations: An Anthology (co-editor with Thomas Regan), Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1976. 2nd revised edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1989
Practical Ethics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979; second edition, 1993; third edition, 2011. ISBN 0-521-22920-0, ISBN 0-521-29720-6, ISBN 978-0-521-70768-8
Marx, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980; Hill & Wang, New York, 1980; reissued as Marx: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000; also included in full in K. Thomas (ed.), Great Political Thinkers: Machiavelli, Hobbes, Mill and Marx, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992
Animal Factories (co-author with James Mason), Crown, New York, 1980
The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1981; Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981; New American Library, New York, 1982. ISBN 0-19-283038-4
Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1982; reissued as Hegel: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2001; also included in full in German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997
Test-Tube Babies: a guide to moral questions, present techniques, and future possibilities (co-edited with William Walters), Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1982
The Reproduction Revolution: New Ways of Making Babies (co-author with Deane Wells), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984. revised American edition, Making Babies, Scribner's New York, 1985
Should the Baby Live? The Problem of Handicapped Infants (co-author with Helga Kuhse), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985; Oxford University Press, New York, 1986; Gregg Revivals, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1994. ISBN 0-19-217745-1
In Defence of Animals (ed.), Blackwells, Oxford, 1985; Harper & Row, New York, 1986. ISBN 0-631-13897-8
Ethical and Legal Issues in Guardianship Options for Intellectually Disadvantaged People (co-author with Terry Carney), Human Rights Commission Monograph Series, no. 2, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1986
Applied Ethics (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986
Animal Liberation: A Graphic Guide (co-author with Lori Gruen), Camden Press, London, 1987
Embryo Experimentation (co-editor with Helga Kuhse, Stephen Buckle, Karen Dawson and Pascal Kasimba), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; paperback edition, updated, 1993
A Companion to Ethics (ed.), Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1991; paperback edition, 1993
Save the Animals! (Australian edition, co-author with Barbara Dover and Ingrid Newkirk), Collins Angus & Robertson, North Ryde, NSW, 1991
The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity (co-editor with Paola Cavalieri), Fourth Estate, London, 1993; hardback, St Martin's Press, New York, 1994; paperback, St Martin's Press, New York, 1995
How Are We to Live? Ethics in an Age of Self-interest, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1993; Mandarin, London, 1995; Prometheus, Buffalo, NY, 1995; Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997
Ethics (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994
Individuals, Humans and Persons: Questions of Life and Death (co-author with Helga Kuhse), Academia Verlag, Sankt Augustin, Germany, 1994
Rethinking Life and Death: The Collapse of Our Traditional Ethics, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1994; St Martin's Press, New York, 1995; reprint 2008. ISBN 0-312-11880-5 Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995
The Greens (co-author with Bob Brown), Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1996
The Allocation of Health Care Resources: An Ethical Evaluation of the "QALY" Approach (co-author with John McKie, Jeff Richardson and Helga Kuhse), Ashgate/Dartmouth, Aldershot, 1998
A Companion to Bioethics (co-editor with Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, Oxford, 1998
Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland, 1998; Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1999
Bioethics. An Anthology (co-editor with Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, 1999/ Oxford, 2006
A Darwinian Left, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1999; Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000. ISBN 0-300-08323-8
Writings on an Ethical Life, Ecco, New York, 2000; Fourth Estate, London, 2001. ISBN 0-06-019838-9
Unsanctifying Human Life: Essays on Ethics (edited by Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, Oxford, 2001
One World: The Ethics of Globalisation, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002; Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2002; 2nd edition, pb, Yale University Press, 2004; Oxford Longman, Hyderabad, 2004. ISBN 0-300-09686-0
Pushing Time Away: My Grandfather and the Tragedy of Jewish Vienna, Ecco Press, New York, 2003; HarperCollins Australia, Melbourne, 2003; Granta, London, 2004
The President of Good and Evil: The Ethics of George W. Bush, Dutton, New York, 2004; Granta, London, 2004; Text, Melbourne, 2004. ISBN 0-525-94813-9
How Ethical is Australia? An Examination of Australia's Record as a Global Citizen (with Tom Gregg), Black Inc, Melbourne, 2004
The Moral of the Story: An Anthology of Ethics Through Literature (co-edited with Renata Singer), Blackwell, Oxford, 2005
In Defense of Animals. The Second Wave (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford, 2005
The Ethics of What We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter, Rodale, New York, 2006 (co-author with Jim Mason); Text, Melbourne; Random House, London. Audio version: Playaway. ISBN 1-57954-889-X
Eating (co-authored with Jim Mason), Arrow, London, 2006
Stem Cell Research: the ethical issues. (co-edited by Lori Gruen, Laura Grabel, and Peter Singer). New York: Blackwells. 2007.
The Bioethics Reader: Editors' Choice. (co-editor with Ruth Chadwick, Helga Kuhse, Willem Landman and Udo Schüklenk). New York: Blackwells. 2007.
The Future of Animal Farming: Renewing the Ancient Contract (with Marian Stamp Dawkins, and Roland Bonney) 2008. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
The Life You Can Save: Acting Now to End World Poverty. New York: Random House 2009. (see also thelifeyoucansave.com)[63]
Schaler, Jeffrey A. (Editor.). 2009. Peter Singer Under Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. Chicago: Open Court Publishers.
Leist A. and P.Singer. (eds.) 2010. J. M. Coetzee and Ethics: Philosophical Perspectives on Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.
[edit] See alsoIntrinsic value (animal ethics)
Argument from marginal cases
Utilitarian bioethics
Utilitarianism
Demandingness objection
[edit] References^ a b "Companion (AC) in the General Division of the Order of Australia - The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists". Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia. 11 June 2012. p. 8. http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AC%20(final).pdf.
^ Richard Nile (4 October 2006). "First cohort for thought". http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20459801-25132,00.html.
^ Thompson, Peter (2007-05-28). "Talking Heads – Peter Singer". http://www.abc.net.au/talkingheads/txt/s1932378.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
^ Douglas Aiton: Ten Things You Didn't Know about Professor Peter Singer; The Weekend Australian magazine, 27 February 2005
^ Suzannah Pearce, ed (17 November 2006). "RICHARDSON (Sue) Susan". Who's Who in Australia Live!. North Melbourne, Vic: Crown Content Pty Ltd.
^ Vulliamy, Ed (2009-02-15). "Peter Singer: Moral arbiter of life and death". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/feb/15/peter-singer-profile. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
^ Democracy and Disobedience, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973, ISBN 0-19-824504-1.
^ Appel, Jacob M. Interview with Peter Singer, Philosopher and Educator, Education Update, July 2004. educationupdate.com
^ Peter Singer's university website
Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics
Peter Singer. Resources on Singer, including book excerpts, articles, interviews, reviews and writings about him.
Peter Singer biography
Peter Singer debates his views on a BBC/RSA panel in London, 5 Sep 2006
Peter Singer's monthly Project Syndicate commentary series "The Ethics of Life"
"Global Poverty and International Aid" Radio interview on Philosophy Talk
Singer's article in Greater Good Magazine about the ethics of eating locally grown good
The Singer Solution to World Poverty
Peter Singer on animal rights (PDF)
^ "The professoriate", New College of the Humanities, accessed June 8, 2011.
^ Helga Kuhse, ed. (2002). Unsanctifying human life: essays on ethics. New York: Blackwell. p. 2. ISBN 0631225072.
^ a b Michael Specter, "The Dangerous Philosopher", The New Yorker, 6 September 1999
^ Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals, New York: New York review/Random House, 1975, ISBN 0-394-40096-8; second edition, 1990, ISBN 0-940322-00-5.
^ "Karen Dawn's Biography". Thankingthemonkey.com. http://www.thankingthemonkey.com/about_karen_dawn.php. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Peter Singer, "A Utilitarian Defense of Animal Liberation," in Environmental Ethics, ed. Louis Pojman (Stamford, CT: Wadsworth, 2001), 35."
^ Practical Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-521-22920-0; second edition, 1993, ISBN 0-521-43363-0.
^ Practical Ethics, p. xi
^ Practical Ethics, p. 11
^ Animal Liberation, pp. 211, 256
^ Practical Ethics, p. 269
^ Abortion 1995
^ Rethinking Life and Death 105.
^ Taking Life: Humans, Excerpted from Practical Ethics, 2nd edition, 1993
^ Singer, Peter. Peter Singer FAQ, Princeton University, accessed 8 March 2009.
^ Singer, Peter. "An Interview". Writings on an Ethical Life. pp. 319–329. ISBN 1841155500.
^ Quoted in Michael Specter, "The Dangerous Philosopher", The New Yorker, 6 September 1999.
^ Ronald Bailey, "The Pursuit of Happiness", Reason (magazine), December 2000.
^ "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 1, no. 3 (Spring 1972), pp. 229–243.
^ One point of contention is at what point a person may be said to be "living comfortably" and "Famine, Affluence And Morality" does not set out to specify this.
^ "FAQ on Singer's webpage at Princeton". Princeton.edu. http://www.princeton.edu/~psinger/faq.html. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Op. cit., pp. 218–246.
^ Life You Can Save: How to Live, or How to Give?, Philanthropy Action, 1 April 2009
^ Singer, Peter. Heavy Petting, Nerve, 2001.
^ Regan, Tom. Animal Rights, Human Wrongs. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63–4, 89.
^ "NManimalcontrol.com". NManimalcontrol.com. http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Pablo Stafforini. "Utilitarian.net". Utilitarian.net. http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Alexander Rubin (2005-07-21). "PETA, perverts and horses". Canadafreepress.com. http://canadafreepress.com/2005/rubin072105.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ In one interview, Singer said that he "is not in favor" having sex with animals, and that having sex with other people is "more fun." (The Colbert Report, comedycentral.com, Comedy Central, 11 December 2006.)
^ A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution, and Cooperation, New Haven : Yale University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-300-08323-8.
^ "Newleftproject.org". Newleftproject.org. http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/article_comments/ethics_and_the_left/. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ "The ethics of eating" chinadialogue. 30 August 2006
^ Dave Gilson (3 May 2006). "Chew the Right Thing". Mother Jones. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2006/05/chew-right-thing. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
^ Pablo Stafforini. "Utilitarian.net". Utilitarian.net. http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/200410--.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Singer, Peter (1985). Making babies: The New Science and Ethics of Conception. C. Scribner's Sons.
^ Rosemarie Tong. "Chapter 27: Surrogate Motherhood". In R. G. Frey and Christopher Heath Wellman. A Companion to Applied Ethics. p. 376. ISBN 1557865949.
^ "[T]he aim of my argument is to elevate the status of animals rather than to lower the status of any humans" (Practical Ethics, p. 77).
^ Peter Singer Practical Ethics 3rd edition
^ "Steve Forbes Declines Princeton Financial Backing Due to Singer Hiring". Euthanasia.com. 1999-09-21. http://www.euthanasia.com/forb.html. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Don Felder, "Professor Death will fit right in at Princeton, Jewish World Review, 28 October 1998.
^ "Independence and the Necessity for Diplomacy". Nfb.org. http://www.nfb.org/Images/nfb/Publications/convent/banque01.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Dalrymple, Theodore (2010). Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality. Gibson Square Books Ltd. p. 226. ISBN 1-906142-61-0.
^ a b c Singer, Peter. "On Being Silenced in Germany". Writings on an Ethical Life. pp. 303–318. ISBN 1841155500.
^ Holger Dorf, "Singer in Saabrücken", Unirevue (Winter Semester, 1989/90), p.47.
^ Sheri Berman, "Euthanasia, Eugenics and Fascism: How Close are the Connections," German Politics and Society, 17(3), Fall, 1999.
^ "Criticanarede.com". Criticanarede.com. http://criticanarede.com/html/ed99.html. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Practical Ethics second edition, 1993, ISBN 0-521-43363-0. pp. 346–359.
^ The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1981, ISBN 0-374-23496-5.
^ The Expanding Circle p. 93
^ The Expanding Circle p. 119
^ Ken Binmore, Natural Justice, Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517811-4.
^ In, e.g., the last chapter of Practical Ethics.
^ "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" (PDF). http://www.fringer.org/wp-content/writings/famine.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Reviewed at Dwight Garner (10 March 2009). "If You Think You're Good, You Should Think Again". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/books/11garn.html?ref=books. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
[edit] External links This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2010)
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Peter Singer
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Peter Singer
Peter Singer at Princeton University
Column archive at Project Syndicate
Appearances on C-SPAN
Peter Singer on Charlie Rose
Peter Singer at the Internet Movie Database
Works by or about Peter Singer in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Peter Singer collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Interviews
Richard Dawkins interviews Peter Singer for UK's Channel 4 series 'The Genius of Charles Darwin'
Video: Princeton Philosophy Review Interview with Peter Singer
'Each of Us Is Just One Among Others' in A. Voorhoeve, Conversations on Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2009 ISBN 978-0-19-921537-9
Singer appears and freely articulates thoughts on vegetarianism and applied ethics in Time Square, NYC in a 10 Minute segment of Astra Taylor's 2008 film Examined Life.
Big Think's Interview with Peter Singer: http://bigthink.com/petersinger
Bloggingheads.tv interview by economist Tyler Cowen on the book; The Life You Can Save about Acting Now To End World Poverty
Video (with audio-only available) of conversation with Singer and Tyler Cowen on Bloggingheads.tv
RSA Vision webcast – "RSA/WWF Series on Global Challenges and the Values we Live By" – Peter Singer on ethics, engagement and civil society
Video: Peter Singer: Climate change, eating meat and ending poverty (2009 Milthorpe Lecture)
Audio: Peter Singer in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum
Singer, Peter (1946-) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Peter Singer
Peter Singer and Eugenics
Reading The Singer on "Bestiality"
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Authority control: PND: 118866850 | LCCN: n79063517 | VIAF: 108385086 | WorldCat
Persondata
Name Singer, Peter
Alternative names Singer, Peter Albert David (full name)
Short description Australian philosopher
Date of birth 6 July 1946
Place of birth Melbourne, Australia
Date of death
Place of death

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Singer&oldid=500722034"
Categories: 1946 birthsLiving peoplePeter Singer20th-century philosophers21st-century philosophersAcademics from MelbourneAlumni of University College, OxfordAnalytic philosophersAnimal rights advocatesAustralian activistsAustralian Greens candidatesAustralian humanistsAustralian JewsAustralian people of Austrian descentAustralian philosophersAustralian vegansAustrian JewsCompanions of the Order of AustraliaConsequentialistsLecturersMonash University facultyMoral philosophersNew York University facultyPeople educated at Scotch College, MelbournePhilosophy teachersPrinceton University facultyUtilitariansUniversity of Melbourne alumniUniversity of Melbourne facultyWriters from Melbourne

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