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Date Posted: 08:33:33 05/02/17 Tue
Author: Knut Holt
Subject: LATIN PRONUNCIATION - learn the classical and mordern standarized pronunciation of Latin



To read about classical and standardized Latin pronunciation, please se further dowm.

To read about anti-aging and rejuvenation tios, hypnosis and the use of hypnosis, the Lckheed F-35 fighter-bomber, the best diet to prevent cancer, how to cure fibromyalgia, scroll further down.

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Classical and Modern Standardized Latin Pronunciation

By Knut Holt

In Latin the words were pronounced as written. So if you know the sound each letter stood for, you will know how to pronounce it in genuine Roman style.

THE CORRECT CLASSICAL LATIN PRONUNCIATION

The stops p,t,k (and c) were always pronounced the same way. The sounds were the same as the most usual pronounciation in English, but without the breath called aspiration, and therefore they sounded sharper, like the way they are pronounced in the Romance languages. The same is true about the stops b,d,g.

Latin uses the letter c instead of k in most words.

C was always pronounced as k, never as s.

"Ti" was pronounced "ti", never pronounced "tsi".

Ae was pronounced as the diphtong ai (like the i in the word "mine")

Oe was pronouced as the diphtong oi (like the oy in "boy")

Ui was a difting composed of a sound like in "cool" plus an i like in "pit".

R was a rolled thongue tip r, like the Italian r.

V was pronounced as English w. U after a consonant was also mostly pronounced as w. Qu was pronounced as kw. In old latin there was not any difference between the letters u and v. U and v were only two styles of writing the same letter. Sometimes you can encounter latin written this way, which sometimes makes it difficult to know how it shall be pronounced. But the letter will in this case mostly be pronounced u between two consonants, and w after a consonant and in the beginning of words.

J is pronounces as y in "yes". In old writing one often used an i instead of a j. In latin written in this style, i will mostly be pronounced i between two consonants, and j after a consonant and in the beginning of words.

In late latin m in the end of a word, was not prononced like m. but indicated a nasalization of the vowel before. But it is fine to prononce it as m, because this is the oldest way of pronouncing it.

If a consonant was written double, it was pronouced longer that a simple written consonant.

X indicated ks. Z was only used in greek loan words and indicated ts or ds.

y was most probably pronounces i by most Romans, but the correct pronounciation is like u in french "sur".

O was a clean vowel, not a diphtong, and was pronounced as the vowel in "more". I was always a clean vowel, lik in "pit". Likewise a was a clean vowel like in "calm". E was a clean vowel like in "bed", but perhaps a litttle narrower. U was a clean vowel like in "cool", but perhaps somewhat longer back in the mouth and somewhat narrower.

Latin vowels could be short or long, but this was not indicated in script, except in certain instances where a bar was placed over long vowels.

In latin words, the stress usually fell on the next to last syllable. If the third last syllable had a long vowel, that syllable got the stress.


THE STABNDARDIZED BUT INCORRECT PRONUNCIATION

During the middle ages and until quite recently, Latin was still used as a litteral and liturgical language. During this time the pronunciation of latin words underwent a gradual change, influenced by the pronunciation of Italian and French. At some time this classically incorrect pronunciation was standardized, and this standard is by now used by scientific communities, the Catholic church and for scientific words of latin origin in the daily language of so-called educated citizens. This standard is as follows:

Ae is pronounced like the "a" in "hat". Oe is pronounced "e" or as the "eu" in the French word "beurre".

C is pronounced as s before e, i, ae and oe. In Italia and by the Catholic church it is pronounced as the "ch" in the word "child". Elsewhere c is proniunced "k".

Ti is pronounced "tsi"

The difference between long and short vowels is mostly ignored.

V is pronouced "v", Qu is pronounced "kv", but in Italy and the Catholic church "kw".

Elswhere the pronunciation is like the classical Latin one.


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Knut Holt is a business consultant and marketer focusing on the health field. At his site there are more information about health and fitness. You can also find presentation of products to improve health, products to enhance sexual excitement, abilities and satisfaction, and of products in the categories hobby, automotive and apparel.

http://www.abicana.com/

This article is free to copy and reuse, as long as the above link follows the article



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In the following article you will find advices about how to hinder aging changes, how to fight back aging signs, how to increase your resistance against diseases and aboit general maintainance of beauty, condition and strength.

By Knut Holt

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How to Keep Yourself Young and Healthy

The aging process is for the greater part no mystery anymore. It consists for a great part of daily damages done on the macroscopic, tissue, cellular and genetic levels. These add up as the years are passing. These damages have specific causes like oxidating agents, sun beams, mechanical wear and tear, psychological stress, lack of some nutritional components and too much of others, like fat.

Another component of aging is the reduction of the telomere chains at the chromosome ends, as each cell division occurs. When these are shortened enough, cells stop dividing. However, the body has means to repair these ends again, with an enzyme called telomerase. The rapidity of the aging process depends on lack of efficiency in this repair process. The above mention aging causes also slow down this repair process.

The factors causing aging, also causes other diseases like cancer and coronary heart disease. Both aging and these diseases can in great extend be prevented with the knowledge possessed today, and the damages can in great extend be reversed. The components to achieve this are:

-Adequate daily food containing whole cereals, peas, beans, vegetables, fruit, fish, mushrooms, fouls and seafood, and with just a moderate amount of red meat.

-Just a moderate amount of fat.

-Ideally most fat one eats, should be of the type mono-unsaturated. One also needs some poly-unsaturated fat of the types omega-3, and omega 6, but not too much of omega-6. The consumption of saturated fat should be very little.

- In order to achieve right fat balance, most of the fat supply should come from sources like olive, peanuts, canola, fish, nuts, sun-flower, etc. Then you will get a good balance between mono-unsaturated fat (olive, canola, peanuts), poly-unsaturated fat of the omaga-3-type (fish) and poly-unsaturated fat of the omega-6-type (sunflower).

-Just a very moderate amount of butter, soy oil, margarine, corn oil and palm oil. A high consumption of these fat sources gives you too much saturated fat and poly-unsaturated omega-6-fat.

-Just a very moderate amount of sugar, refined flour or refined cereals.

-Do not add more salt to the food than you need. Most people consume too much salt. However, some salt is needed. If the weather is warm and you are in high activity, you need more salt than by cold weather and low activity. Prefer sea-salt, because of its content of valuable minerals.

-Just a moderate consumption of tranquilizers/stimulants as alcohol and caffeine, but in moderate amounts these contribute to slow down the aging process.

-No smoking or tobacco usage.

-Supplements of specific nutritional components like vitamins, minerals, lecithin and some essential fatty acids.

-Adequate training that both gives a muscular load, work up your condition and stretches out your body. To stretch out, yoga-exercises are ideal.

-Adequate rest and stress-reduction. Daily meditation is a method of achieving this. Natural relaxing agents or specific tools for meditation or relaxation may also be useful.

-Supplements of specific anti-aging agents like anti-oxidants or human growth hormone.

-Use of specific anti-aging agents to apply upon the skin surface.

-To protect the skin against excessive sun exposure.

The amount one needs of nutritional supplements, like vitamins and minerals, differs very much according to a person’s health condition, work load and exposure to environmental stress. A person having a poor digestion, doing high performance sport or being exposed to a high amount of environmental stressors, may need more than a person in an average situation.



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Knut Holt is an internet consultant and marketer focusing on health items. PLease see his web-site for information about health and fitness, and products to help for common diseases, for eks. skin problems, heart ailments, digestive trouble, hemorrhoids, allergy, over-weight, rheumatism, depression and more.

http://www.abicana.com

----Free to reprint with the author's name and link.

Source: http://www.eioba.com/a/1uh0/how-to-keep-yourself-young-and-healthy

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Hypnosis and Its Use in Society

By Knut Holt

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Hypnosis is an altered mental state that can be induced in a person and used for mental manipulations. Hypnosis is actually commonly used in society, but often not called so.


The term hypnosis is used in there ways, partly about one specific mental state, partly about methods and procedures to achieve that state in a person, and also mental manipulations of a person in that state.


The hypnotic mental state has the following properties:

- All the attention of a person is directed in one specific direction, and at an object, person or voice situated in that direction.

- The things that the person sees or hears in that specific direction engages the mind of the person so that his attention persists.

- Censorial information about other objects around or things going on in the surroundings is greatly reduced or totally blocked.

- Information sent out from the point of attention is easily perceived by the hypnotized receiver and is easily recorded in memory, including anything told or any type of order given.

- Critical thinking and logical testing of information is shut off so that anything passed into memory is held as true, and any orders given tend to be obeyed automatically.



Methods of producing a hypnotic state in a person are many, but they have something in common:

- The surroundings are arranged so that there are few elements around that passes complicated or disturbing information.

- The hypnotist shows some object that is easily perceived and seen sharply distinguished from the surroundings. The classical example is a watch hanging in a chain, but it can also be the hand of the hypnotist or a technical device like a TV screen.

- The hypnotist does some simple repetitive action with the object while speaking to the person in a structured way.

- The object, action, voice or speach content is of such a kind that they evoke feelins in the resceiver that keeps him attent. The hypnotist try to use his knowledge about the receiver to chose actions that have that effect.

- After some while the person gets into a hypnotic state with the whole of his attention directed towards the object and the voice of the hypnotist.

- Then the hypnotist ceases his action with the object, but keeps speaking in a structured and predetermined way. Now the voice of the hypnotist will be the main point of attention.



While the person is in a hypnotic state the hypnotist can use the state for several purposes, both good and mean:

- He can pass true knowledge, or at least knowledge that the hypnotist regard as true, to ease the process of learning for the recipient.

- He can deceive the recipient with false information to gain undue profit, gain power or simply to do harm.

- He can alleviate symptoms of diseases to make the life of a patient easier, especially symptoms that are heavily connected to mental processes.

- He can enhance the motivation for some task in the recipient, for example the motivation for training, lifestyle changes or cessation of smoking or drinking.

- He can possibly stimulate the immune system and healing processes in a patient and thereby contribute to the treatment of a disease.

- He can enforce own leadership of a person or the leadership of someone he cooperates with, both leadership in business or political leadership.



Hypnosis is no seldom event, it happens all the day in all areas of the society. But most often the person performing hypnosis do not know what he actually does and the recipient do not know that he is being hypnotized.

Teachers, coaches and leaders known for good results usually obtain the result by a behavior that induces a hypnotic state in his audience and uses that state to pass information and motivation in an effective manner.

Successful political leaders or political deceivers tend to use hypnotic techniques to manipulate an audience in ways purposeful for themselves and their movements, with persons like Hitler, Lenin, Stalin, but also Churchill and Roosevelt as remarkable historical examples. Religious mass movements on a national or international scale are most often orchestrated by religious preachers using hypnosis in a systematic way.

The hypnotic techniques used by successful leaders of authoritarian political and religious mass movements have often been under development inside their organisation or an associated organisation for a long time. The techniques have then become standard tools inside these societies. The techniques are systematically passed to new leaders during their education, and often in secrecy for common members of the organization.

At some point in time an especially talented leader decides to gain total control over the religious or political society he belongs to, make his society into a mass movement and thereby also gain control over whole nations and internationally. The leaders of such mass movements are probably well aware that they actually are performing hypnosis with great masses of people as the audience, even though they seldom use the same vocabulary about their techniques as professional psychologists.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Knut Holt is an Internet marketer and author with a focus on health items and eroticism. Please see his web-site to find more health and sex information. There are also presentation of products to enhance sexual satisfaction and to improve health.

http://www.abicana.com/health_information.htm

http://www.eioba.com/a/44ci/hypnosis-and-its-use-in-society

This article is free to copy as long as the author's link is present.
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F-35 - Lockheed Fighter-bomber jet

By Knut Holt

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The military combat aircraft F-35 has been under development since 2001 by the Americam aviation company Lookheed Martin under a project originally named Joint Field Striker (JFS) headed by the American ministry of defence with some contribution from allies. Even though it si generally called a fighter plane, it is actually a mulitirole vehicle intended to be used as an air to air feighter, air to ground fighter and bomber, air to ship fighter and bomber, as a platform for communication jamming, for reconessaince and for combat lead. It is not intended to be used as a long range bomber though.

During the early phaces of the project Lookheed Marin and Boing were each engaged in developing their own prototype version of JFS, and eventually the version from Lookhee Martin was chosen and got the name F-35. It was intended to be fully developed by 2008, but the project is so far 7 years behind the schedule, and is not expected to be combat ready before 2015-2018. The project is working however under a philosophy of beginning the production and test of the planes before fully developed with new details installed on existing planes as they get ready. The plane is therefore by 2013 under test in several squdrons in USA and UK, and pilots are under training.

The plane which is intended to replace most existing fighter planes now in use by USA and allies, is produced in three versions, all only manned by one pilot. The simplest and cheapest one is for use by land based forces. It takes off and land in ordinary mode. Another is for use by the US marines and similar corpses. This can take off vertically by low load and after short run by heavy load, and it can land vertically. The third is for use on greater aircraft carriers. It can take off by the help of a catapult and stop after landing by the help of a hook and wire.

The plane has stealth capabilities, which means that it is little visble on radar and thermal detectors and is thus supposed to be able to approch near to a goal without being detected. These properties are achieved with a coating that absorbs much of the radar waves, with a shape that reflects the remaining radar waves in other angles than stright back to the radar, by shielding of hot spots in the plane and by hiding weapons in intarnal bays. But by full weapom load, much of the weapons must be mounted under the wings and then much of the stealth properties are lost.

The plane is powered by one single motor especially constructed by Pratt and Whitney for this plane. This motor is the most powerful in the world of its size, but yet this heavy plane is concidered somewhat underpowered and the motor is concidered somwhat ineconomical. A new motor is therefore under construction for future versions of F-35 and other planes, that wil exploit the fuel better, and therefore allow higher speed and longer range.

The plane has a top speed of around 1.6 mach fully loaded, which is below the top speed of many of the planes it shall replace. It is however capable of flying in a supercruice mode during a limited time, which is flying above the speed of sound without using the afterburner. It is capable of swing radiuses that excert a centripetal force of 4.5-6 G which is also below the capabilities of the planes it shall replace, and below the original requirements for the plane. It has a mission range of 1200 nml (2200 km) or combat radious of 584 nmi (1,080 km) on internal fuel, but that can be extended with outer tanks and by fuel refilling during flight.

The plane has only one single seat. The stearing functions of F-35 are easy to use and highly utomated, which allow the pilot to use more of his skill on strategy and use of weapons. The plane is also equipped with highly efficient and long reaching capabilities of keeping overview, detecting targets and threats and aiming at the targets.

Also functions like aiming and fireing are easy to use and higly automated. he system can detect possible targets automatically, and hold aim at these until the pilot decides to fire. A key component of the pilot's equipment is a helmet with a vizire that gives him a 360 degree overview and which allows to aiming at a target by merely moving his head. These functions can also be controlled with voice. The plane is also equipped with advanced functions to take down information from satelites and sharing information with ground based command and other aircrafts in the air.

The plane has internal bays for up to 8 missiles, or bombs, depending of the size of each unit. It also has an internal gatling gun with 4 barrels. Further loads of bombs or missiles must be mounted under the wings, and for that it has 12 pylons. all types of missiles and bombs up to a certain size can be mounted in or on the plane, including nuclear weapons.

The fairly low dynamic properties like acceleration, speed and turning radius are a direct consequence of the construction properties needed to make a stealth plane. One does not yet know if the stealth properties are worth sacrifising top dynamic perfomance, and one will not know before the plane has been proven in real combat situations.

The plane is constructed to be easy to maintain and key komponents can be replace within an hour. The estimated cost of each plane is $137 million which is an doubling since 2001. this is high, but the project claims that ease of pilot training and maintenance, and the fact that on single plane can perform several tasks, will spare overall money throughout the plane's lifetime.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Knut Holt is an internet consultant and marketer focusing on scientific and health items. To find information about technology, fitness, health and sexuality, and interesting products in the fields automotive, health, fitness, hobby and erotics, please visit his web-site.

http://www.abicana.com

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