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Date Posted: 20:55:56 02/17/03 Mon
Author: Hilary
Subject: all my section ch.26

Regional Planning: The AAA and NRA largely reflected the beliefs of New Dealers who favored economic planning but wanted private interests to dominate that planning process. Other reformers thought the government should be the chief planning agent in the economy. There most celebrated accomplishment was the Tennessee Valley Authority. TVA had its roots in political controversy of the 1920’s. Progressive reformers wanted the great dam at Muscle Shoals to be completed for the use of water to gain electricity but opposition from the utilities companies had been to powerful to overcome. In 1932 Samuel Insulls utility empire collapsed after widely publicized exposes of corruption. Thus the power of the people was able to overcome the electric companies and the TVA was created, authorized to complete the dam at Muscle Soals and build others in the region. These dams would generate and sell electricity at reasonable rates. It was also built with the hopes of stopping the flooding all over the region. Helping reforestation and farmers to improve productivity.
-It improved water transportation.
-It virtually eliminated flooding in the region.
-It provided electricity to thousands who had never before had it.
-Private Power rates declined due to the low rates the TVA sold for.
But the Tennessee Valley remained a generally impoverished region despite the TVA’s efforts. And like many other New Deal programs, it made no serious effort to challenge local customs and racial prejudice.


Labor Militancy: The emergence of a powerful trade union movement in the 1930’s was one of the most important social and political developments of the decade. It occurred partly in response to government efforts to enhance the power of unionism but it was also a result of increased militancy of American workers and their leaders. Business leaders and industrialists lost the ability to control government policies.The growing militancy first became obvious in 1934 when newly organized workers, demonstrated an assertiveness and at times radicalism seldom seen in recent years. Once the Wagner Act became law, the search for more effective forms of organization rapidly gained strength in the labor ranks. The concept that, organizing workers on the basis of their skills, had little to offer unskilled laborers, who now constituted the bulk of the industrial work force. Industrial Unionism came about due to this, the idea that unions should be formed by the industry you worked in, not skill. United in this way, workers would greatly increase their powers. John L. Lewis broke away from the AFL and created the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and it directly rivaled that of the AFL, he became its first president. The CIO expanded the constituency of the labor movement. It was receptive to women and to blacks, than the AFL.

The 1936 “Referendum”: For a time in 1935 there had seemed reason to question the presidents prospects for reelection. But as the economy was visibly reviving there could be little doubt that he would win a second term. The result was the greatest landslide in American history to that point. Roosevelt polled just under 61 percent of the Vote to Landons 36 perfect and carried every state except Maine and Vermont. The democrats now controlled a broad coalition of the western and southern farmers, urban working class, the poor, the black communities, as well as new liberals. Roosevelt emerged from the 1936 election at the zenith of his popularity. Within months, the New Deal was mired in serious new difficulties, a result of continuing opposition, the presidents own political errors, and major economic setbacks.

Women and the New Deal: The New Deal was not hostile to feminist aspirations, but neither did it do a great deal to advance them. That was largely because it did not have sufficient widespread support, to make it politically advantageous for the administration to back them. Roosevelt appointed the first female cabinet member in the nations history, secretary of labor Frances Perkins. He also named more than 100 other women to positions at lower levels of the federal bureaucracy. Eleanor Roosevelt was a major player in advancing women’s rights. Hattie Caraway of Arkansas became in 1934 the first woman ever elected to a full term in the US Senate. Women had limited views on what their aims should be, so the deal operated within limits for them. Perkins helped to pass laws safeguarding the working woman. She and others also helped to form and create the Social Security act of 1935, they added the Aid of Dependent Children program. The New Deal generally supported the prevailing belief that in hard times women should withdraw from the workplace to open up more jobs for men. The Social Security program at first excluded domestic servants, waitresses, and other predominantly female occupations. The New Deal was not activly hostile, but there was not yet enough political backing to persuade the administration otherwise.

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