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Date Posted: 20:52:10 11/13/02 Wed
Author: Bezzzath
Subject: Ch14 completed but 3 sections

The WIthdrawal of the South
*Establishment of the Confederacy
-South Carolina left first
-Mississippi(jan.9,1861),Florida(jan10),Alabama(jan11),Geogia(jan19),Louisiana(jan26) and Texas(Feb.1)
-president buchanan told congress that states had no rigth to leave, but government had no power to stop it
-the states then took forts,arsenals,government offices within the states boundaries
-South Carolina asked for the turn over of Fort Sumter, president buchanan refused
-on january1861 prez buchanan ordered a unarmed merchant ship to send supplies to Sumter
-Confederate gun fired at the ship
-niether side said that they were at war yet
-efforts began again to come to a compromise

The Faliure of Compromise
*Crittenden Compromise
-Senator John Crittenden first to submitted a compromise(Crittenden COmpromise)
-would guarantee permanment existence of slavery in slave states
-then to reestablish the Missouri compromise in all furture and present territories: slavery prohibited north of the line and premitted south of it
-Senate accepted it but not the republicans
-Republicans did not like that slavery would not be allowed to expand
-Abraham Lincoln came and set down rules that no state can leave the Union
-and force will be used against ones who do not obey

FOrt Sumter
-Union force were running short on supplies
-afraid would have to evcuate
-a dilemma came up whether or not the confederates should let the union send in supplies
-if so they would come off cowardly and if not it would be an act of aggresion
*War Begins
-confederates decided to take the fort
-Union refused and had to give up the fort in the end,thus starts the war
-Lincoln immediatly prepared North for war
-then four more states left (Virginia april 1861, Arkansas may1861,Tennesseejune1861, North Carolina may1861)
*Was there a way to prevent the war?
-historians asked the question: Was there anything Lincoln(or those before him)could have done to settle the sectional conflict peacably?
-to let the south leave in peace
-north and south both believed that they were so very much different

The Opposing Sides
*Union Advantages
-population twice as the south
-idustrial system
-south had no idustrial system, relied on England
-north had better transprotation
-during the war the south almost lost thier railroads
*South Advantages
-fighting on own turf
-local support
-everyone in south was behinde them but north was divided
-south also believed that the french and english would come in and help them because of their investment in cotton
Economic Measures
-with the south gone from Congress Republicans had no opposing oppositions to them
*Republican Economic Policy
-Homestead Act of 1862: any citizen to claim 160 acres of land, pay small fee after living on it for 5 years
-Morril Land Grant Act:transfered public to state government,lead to development of new state colleges
-congress wanted to finish building the railroads
-Union Pacific Railroad COmpany built westward from Omaha
-Central Pacific built from eastward to Cali.
-two railroads were to meet in the middle
*National Bank Acts
-created new banking system
-banks with enough capital could invest a 1/3 of it in to gov. securities then get U.S. Treasury notes as currency
-got rid of confusion with nation's currency
*Funding the war
-levying taxes: on all goods and services,income taxes
-issuing paper currency:greenback dollar came much like are money today
-bonds were bought by the people
-borrowing:totaled 2.6 billion


Raising the Unoin
* Because the Union was way short on men, they needed to find a way to get more volunteers to join the armed forces
* Congress, in March 1863, had to pass a national draft law
*Almost all males were able to be drafted but one could avoid going by hiring someone to go in your place or paying a fine of $300 to the government
*Demonstrators againdt the draft would riot in New York City for about four days in July of 1863
*Many were killed during these raids when the first list of names came out for the draft

Wartime Politics
* Many people believed that Lincoln would not have the national experience he needed by a new president
*He established a cabneit for evey fraction of the Republican party
*His greatest political problem was with the controversy over the opposition of the war
* The Peace Democrats feared that the agriculture were losing influence on the indusrty
* A man was arrested for making a speach saying that the purpose of the war was to free the blacksand enslave the white's.
*In the election of 1864, Lincoln won the reelection with 212 to 21 votes

The Politics of Emancipation
* Radicals of the Republican party wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immidiatly and comletely
*Conservatives favored a slower less disruptive to end slavery
* In the begining, they had the suppourt of the president
*In 1861, Congress Passed the Confiscation Acts, which declared slaves to be free
* Owners in the District of Columbia were compinsated for their slaves after slavery was abolished
*Radicals went to Congress to push the president to get the president to employ the slaves as soldiers
*January 1, 1863 the president signed the Emancipation Proclamation which which declared foreveer free slaves in all areas of the Confederacy except those who wo=ere already under Union control: Tennessee, western Virginia, and southern Loisianna
* The proclamation did not apply to the border slave states, which had never succeded from the Union
*The proclamation lead directly to the freeing of thousands of slaves
* In the end of the war, slavery had been abolished in two more Union slave states: Maryland and Missouri and in three Confederate states: Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana
*The final staep came in 1865, when Congress approved the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery in all parts of the United Staes

African Americans and the Union Cause
*African Americans became a lare peice of the armed forces in many feilds.
*In the first few months, blacks were not a large part of the war
*Black enlistment rapidly increased and the Union military beganto recruit African American soldiers and saliors in both the North and the South
*Many organized black units were headed by a whie commander
*Black soldiers did not fight their death rate was higher because they had hard long jobs and they could cacth diseases becausse they orked in hasrh conditions

The War and Economic Development
*in some nothern areas the war stunted the growth of idustrialization
*there was a cut off of the south's raw materials
*the war did however speed up northern economics mostly by the Republican Party
*Republican Party had dominance over the countries economy
*war needed expansion of: Caol increased by 20%, and railroads
*most farmers left to fight in the war so: farming became mechanized(machines)
*new flood of people to take jobs because most regulars were fighting the war
*mechanization of production came you into play
*increase in union memeberships
*creation of national unions for coal miner, railroad enigineers, and others

I. Women, Nursing, and the War
A. Women took new and unfamiliar roles in the war
1. filled positions vacated by men, employers
a. They needed money
B. U.S. Sanitary Commission
1. Women entered nursing; a field dominant by menn
a. Women took over nursing by the end of the war
i. Appropriate for women
2. An organization of civilian volunteers led by Dorotha Dix
C. Traditional Gender Roles Reinforced
1. Male doctor resistance it
a. Sanitary commission tried to counter argue it
i. Said women’s place was at home
ii. This failed
2. Women rights: Cooking, housekeeping and nursing
a. Women got by even if men didn’t like it
3. Found war a liberating experiment
a. Developed potencies and possibilities
4. Elizabeth Cody Stanton and Susan B Anthony worked to abolition slavery and women suffrage
a. Founded National women loyal league in 1863
5. Clara Barton active in the war with medical supplies
a. Founded American Red Cross
6. Gave independence
D. Nursing and Medicine
1. Nursing impacted medical profession
a. US sanitary commission funnels applies and medicine
b. Importance to sanitary conduction in hospital
i. More soldiers died because of diseases

II. The Confederate Government
A. Constitution was almost the some as the US
1. Significant exceptions
a. It explicitly acknowledged the sovereignty of the individual stated (not the rights of secession
b. Sanctioned slavery and made its abolishing (even by one state) practically impossible
B. Davis’s Leadership
1. Convention at Montgomery
a. Named Jefferson Davis president and Alexander H. Stephens Vice president
i. A six year term
2. Davis had been a moderate secessionist
a. Stephens argued against secession
3. Government was dominated through the war, un like the Union
a. Less old aristocracy like the union
4. Davis was a unsuccessful president
a. He was a figure in government, but did not show national leadership
C. Southern Divisions
1. Some white southerners opposed secession and the war
a. White people in poorer “backcountry” and “upcountry” refused to recognize the Confederate government.
b. Most white southerners supported the war
i. Confederate economy decayed

Money and Manpower
A. Funding problems with Confederate
1. The south firs tried to not at the south people
a. States were unwilling to tax their citizens
b. Paid their shares to go.
2. Find ways to get the money
a. Borrow money
b. Issued bonds, but public lost faith in them and stopped
3. Begin to make paper currency in 1861
a. Didn’t establish a uniform currency system
b. The national government, states, cities, and private banks issued their own note, which equals chaos and confusion
4. Result was disastrous inflation
a. North prices rose 80%
b. South prices rose 9,000%
B. Raising the Confederate Amy
1. First raised military by calling volunteers
a. Rates declined by the end of1861
2. Congress enacted a Conscription Act, in 1862
a. All white males between 18 and 35 years old had to service for 3 years
b. The exemption was for one white man they had to give twenty or more slave
i. Smaller farmers complain: “ It’s a rich man war but a poor man’s fight.”
c. More southern were exempted form military service than northerners
C. Manpower Shortages
1. In t1862 there were 500,000 men in the confederate military
a. 900,000 over the entire war
i. not including slaves men and women
2. after 1862 conscription began producing fewer men
a. Because of the union seize large area of confederation
3. 1864 braking point of manpower shoutage
a. tried having younger and older men
b. defeat was inevitable

State Right versus Centraliztion
A. greatest source of divison in the south was soctrine of states rights
1.Many whith southerners resisted efforts to exert national authourity.
a. didn’t listen to Davis
2. states’ rights enthusiasts obstructed the conducft of the war in many ways
B. Centralization
1.confederate government did make a effort to centralize power in the South
a. feed soldiers by seizing farmer crop
b. took slaves to work on military projects
c. confederacy seized control on the railroad and shipping
d. the used these to fight to escape

Economic and Social Effects of the War
A. devastation effect on economy of the south
1. cut of business with the north , which they needed.
a. North economy increased during the war
b. South economy decrease by a third
2. fighting wreaked havoc on the Southern economy
a. Almost all of the battle happens within the Comfederacy.
i. both armies spent most of their time on south soil
3. land was ruined by Union troops
B. Economic woes
1. south experienced shortage of everything
a. didn’t grow enough t to meet needs
2. doctors left towns without medical care
3. others craftsmen were shot supply
4. major for roits
5. suffering created increasing instasility in south society
C. New Roles For Women
1. the war affected the South very differently than the north
2. Southern women
a. they had to work the plantations cause the men were at war
b. managing large slave work forces
c. learnd how to farm
3. in Richmond women were government agents
4. a creation of major gender imbalancein the region
a. more women than men in the south

The Commanders
A. Abraham Lincoln
1. his objective was the destruction of Confederate armies
2. from 1861 to 1864 Lincoln had trouble finding adequate commanders
a. General Winfield Scott
i. he was unprepared and retired November 1, 1861
b. Scott was replaced with George B. McClellan
i. had inadequate grasp of strategy and returned to the field in March 1862
c. Lincoln appointed General Henry W. Halleck
i. he was an ineffectual strategist
d. March 1864 – Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant
i. shared belief in making enemy armies and resources, not enemy territory
3. Committee on the Conduct of War
a. complained of insufficient ruthlessness of Northern generals
B. Robert E. Lee
1. 1862 – President Davis named Lee as his principal military adviser
a. Davis never shared control with Lee
b. after only a few months, Lee left Richmond and entered the field
c. 1865 – Davis named Lee general in chief
C. the men who controlled the war on both North and South shared similar backgrounds including military schools

The Role of Sea Power
A. The Navy had two important roles in the war
1. The Union Blockade of the Southern coast
2. Assisting Union armies in field operations
a. blockade ordered April 19, 1861
b. never fully effective, but generally kept oceangoing ships out of confederate ports
c. Confederates tried to break blockade with new weapons
i. Ironclad Warship
-made by iron plating the Merrimac
-renamed the Virginia
ii. the Union built the Monitor
iii. the Monitor defeated the Virginia

Europe and Disunited States
A. England & France were generally sympathetic to the Confederacy for many reasons
1. both nations imported Southern cotton
2. they were eager to weaken the U.S.
3. some admired the aristocracy of the South
B. France would not choose a side unless England did first; but, England was reluctant to choose
1. English liberal urged their followers to support the Union
C. King Cotton Diplomacy
1. Southerners argued that their cotton was vital to English & French textile industries
2. However, the English had a surplus of cotton in 1861
3. Later supply began to diminish
a. some mills were able to stay open by importing from Egypt & India
b. 500,000 mill workers lost their jobs
4. in the end, Europe would not support the Confederacy
5. Great Britain declared itself neutral at the beginning of the war, followed by France and other nations
D. Trent Affair (1861)
1. Two Confederate diplomats – James M. Mason & John Slidell
a. slipped through the Union blockade to Havana, Cuba & boarded an English steamer, the Trent, for England
b. the San Jacinto commanded by Charles Wilkes was waiting for them
c. without authorization, Wilkes stopped the vessel and arrested the diplomats
d. British government demanded their release
The American West and the War
A. Most of the states were not included in the fighting
1. Texas; however, joined the Confederacy
2. all other stares remained loyal to the Union
B. Guerrilla War in the West
1. Extremely vicious fighting in Kansas & Missouri
2. The same pro-slavery & free-state forces continued to fight each other
3. William C. Quantrill, confederate army captain, organized band of guerrilla fighters who terrorized Kansas-Missouri border
a. Quantrills’s most infamous act-a siege of Lawrence, Kansas
i. killed 150 civilians
b. Quantrill was killed by Union troops near the end of the war
4. Jayhawkers – Union sympathizers
5. Confederates attempted to recruit the Five Civilized Tribes for support against the Union in the west
a. Indians were divided
i. result of division
-civil was within Indian Territory
-Indians fought for both the Union and the Confederacy during the war

The Technology of Battle
A. Repeating weapons
1. repeating pistol (revolver)
a. Samuel Colt – 1835
2. repeating rifle
a. Oliver Winchester – 1860
3. revolving machine gun
a. perfected by Richard Gatling-1862
4. cannons and artillery were greatly improved
B. new ways of fighting
1. soldiers no longer stood in lines while fighting
2. they stayed as close to the ground as possible
C. Importance of the Railroad
1. it mobilized millions of soldiers and necessary supplies
D. The Telegraph
1. U.S. Military Telegraph Corps.
a. headed by Thomas Scott and Andrew Carnegie
b. trained and employed over 1,200 operators

I. The Opening Clashes
A. First Battle of Bull Run
i. Union –
a. officer in charge – General Irvin McDowell
b. stationed just outside Washington w/ 30,000 troops
ii Confederates –
a. Officer in charge – P.G.T. Beauregard
b. stationed 30 miles away from the Union at Manassas(w/ a smaller army than the Union’s)
- reinforcements were sent the day before, evening out the army sizes
iii. july 21, won by the confederates
a. the victory dispelled the thoughts that the war would be quick
B. other battles
i. for the union in Missouri, Nathaniel Lyon lost and died in the battle but not before severly wouding the Confederates
ii. after moving in toward Virginia, George B. McLellan had “liberated” the anit-secessionists and created a new state, West Virginia
a. it was an important symbolic victory for the Union despite its limited value

I. The Western Theater
A. New Orleans Captured
i. on april 25, 1862, the union captured New Orleans from the south
a. N.O. was the major trading and banking port of the south, it was now in northern hands
B. Fort Henry and Fort Donnelson
i. captured by Ulysses S. Grant
a. Grant and the north now had control of the confederate center
b. eventually, grant forced confederate forces out of Kentucky and half of Tennessee
C. Shiloh
i. april 6-7, 1862
a. confederate general Beauregard and Albert Sydney Johnston caught Grant by surpirise as he moved his troops nearby Shiloh, Tennessee
b. Johnston killed on first day and Grant pushed back
c. second day, 25,000 new union troops arrive and force Beauregard to surrender
d. northern forces occupied Corinth, Mississippi, a major railroad hub, and controlled the Mississippi as far south as Memphis, Tennessee
D. Stone River (Battle of Murfreesboro)
i. dec 31 – jan 2
a. condeferate officer Braxton Bragg attemted to regain the state for the south at Chattanooga, tenn
b. union officers Don Carlos Buell and William S. Rosecrans were assigned to capture Chattanooga
c . in the end Bragg was forced to surrender
ii. the union was making major success in the west, but were suffering in the east

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