VoyForums
[ Show ]
Support VoyForums
[ Shrink ]
VoyForums Announcement: Programming and providing support for this service has been a labor of love since 1997. We are one of the few services online who values our users' privacy, and have never sold your information. We have even fought hard to defend your privacy in legal cases; however, we've done it with almost no financial support -- paying out of pocket to continue providing the service. Due to the issues imposed on us by advertisers, we also stopped hosting most ads on the forums many years ago. We hope you appreciate our efforts.

Show your support by donating any amount. (Note: We are still technically a for-profit company, so your contribution is not tax-deductible.) PayPal Acct: Feedback:

Donate to VoyForums (PayPal):

[ Login ] [ Contact Forum Admin ] [ Main index ] [ Post a new message ] [ Search | Check update time | Archives: 1, 2, [3] ]

[ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ]

Date Posted: 00:20:06 10/03/02 Thu
Author: Jordan
Subject: Ch7 Compiled (some missing--see post!)

Missing Sections:
-The Burr Conspriacy
-Battles W/ The British
-The Revolt of New England

Chapter 7 Intro
The Jeffersonian Ear

o The Jefferson vision included a society of sturdy, independent farmers, happily free from the workshops, the industrial towns, and the city mobs of Europe.
o Favored a system to universal education
o Would introduce America to the scientific rationalism of the Enlightment
o Almost noting worked out as planed
o Industrialism made things simple
o Republicans did manage to translate some of their political ideals into reality
o The beginning to a transformation of American life the had once resisted


I.Patterns of Education
A.Importance of a virtuous citizenry
i.Jefferson(republicans) believed in free schooling for all male citizens(prospective voters)
a.some states endorsed free education for a while, but none developed a schooling system
-some(Virginia) even ignored the president’s call for schooling for the gifted.
-Massachusetts approved a law in 1789 that called for each town to support a school, but there was little enforcement
B.Private Schooling
i.Most of the nation’s schooling came from private institutions that most people could not afford.
a.most were aristocratic in outlook, training the children to become the nation’s elite
ii.few schools were open to the poor, and the education was far inferior from that of a private institutions
iii.most private secondary schools only accepted young men, creating a world where white men were dominant over everyone, including women.
C.New Educational Opportunities for Women
i.in 18th century, female illiteracy rate was 50%
a.people began to believe that if the mothers were not educated, then the children they were raising could not be enlightened
b.after the 1770s co-ed and female schools began to spring up
-Massachusetts required its public schools to serve females as well as males in 1789. other states, but not all, soon followed
ii.men believed female education was there to make women better wives and mothers
a.there were no universities for women to go to because it was believed there was no need for advanced or professional training
b.in 1784, Judith Sargent Murray wrote an essay explaining how women are equal to men
-her ideas gained little attention while she was alive, but after her death, her ideas became inspiration to future female generations
D.Indian Education
i.reformers who believed in the power of education attempted to educate the Indians in white culture
a.people believed Indians were noble savages( uncivilized, but not necessarily totally inferior)
-missionaries were mainly the only group who made a real effort to educate the Indians
E.Higher Education
i.repubicans hoped for a wide dispersion a education, but since universities were few and far between that hope dwindled
a.only about 1 in 1000 men went to a university and even then it was not free
-many universities relied on private contributions and tuitions
ii.the education at universities was extremely limited
a.mostly all only offered basic classes and narrow training in the classics and theology.
iii.some law schools were created, but most students became lawyers through apprenticeships

I.Medicine and Science
A.The first American medical school was established at the University of Pennsylvania in the 18th century
i.in early 18th century, however, many people became doctors through studying under established practitioners
a. some physicians believed in applying scientific methods to medicine and struggled against age-old superstitions
-teaching anatomy was especially difficult because of the dissecting of cadavers and the study involved
b.municipal authorities were baffled by epidemics and diseases that swept through the towns so frequently.
-very slowly they began to listen to Benjamin Rush, who told them that inadequate sanitation programs were to blame for diseases
B.Benjamin Rush
i.employed the dangerous and useless treatment such as bleeding and purging
a. many of his patients died from bleeding and purging including George Washington in 1799, who only had a minor throat infection
C.The Decline of Midwifery
i.medicine began to expand its reach beyond the normal scope of practice to childbirth, that had mostly been done with a midwife.
a.as a result of this, opportunities for women declined since midwifery was such an important profession for women
-poor women also suffered b/c those who could have afforded midwives could not afford high physicians fees
D.eduacation and medicine
i.both fell far short of the Jeffersonian vision
ii.despite the fact that education strengthened the elites rather than eroding them, the idea of equal educational opportunity survived, and in later decades became a vital force behind universal public education

Cultural Aspirations in the New Nation
A.Establishment of a national culture
1.Jedidah Morse – Massachusetts geographer
a.Author of Geography Made Easy
2.Noah Webster – Connecticut schoolmaster & lawyer
a.thought students should be educated as patriots, their minds filled with nationalism
b.wrote American Spelling Book
-insisted on simplified spelling (honor not honour)
c.wrote a school dictionary which eventually became An American Dictionary of English Language
-established national standard of words and usage
3.Charles Brockden Brown – Philadelphian
a.one of the most ambitious writers
b.fascinated with horror and deviant behavior
4. Washington Irving – New Yorker
a. became popular for his satirical stories of early American life & his fables of society in the New World
b. well known works include characters Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle
5. Mercy Otis Warren – playwrite
a. wrote three-volume History of the Revolution
6. Mason Weems – Anglican clergyman
a. wrote Life of Washington

Religious Skepticism pg.185

A. After the American Revolution
1. It weakened the tradition form of religious practice
a. By separation of church and government
2. Less people were going to church
B. Deism
1. American including Jefferson and Franklin embraced “deism” which came form Enlightenment philosophers in France
2. Much discussion about religion
a. Thomas Paine wrote the The Age of Reason
3. James Murray founded the universalist church

These religions seemed more powerful than they actually were because far a time traditional evangelicals were perplexed and disorganized. However, in the beginning in 1801 traditional religion staged a vivid comeback in the form of a wave of revivalism known as the second great awakening

The Second Great Awakening
I. the a wakening pushed for
A. individuals to readmit God and Christ into there lives
B. older ideals were lost
a. predestination
b. threatening sermons
c. obtain salvation through faith and good works
II. Presbyterians
A. tried to arouse the faithful of the western fringe of the white settlements
a. many New Lighters (believed in church and science) joined
III. Methodists
A. Francis Asbury
a. head of American Methodist church
B. sent preachers (missionaries) through out the country
a. fastest growing church in America

IV. Baptist
A. almost as successful as the Methodists
B. found many Baptists in the south (Southern Baptist)

V. Camp meetings
A. Cane Ridge
a. place of the first camp meeting
B. saw as a way to strengthen member and gain new ones

VI. Many old religions hurt
A. new sects grew and took away from the old sects

VII. Women Acceptance
A. a lot of women joined the new sects
a. young women
B. women began to work outside the home
A. in mills
B. gave women a structure to live upon (church)

VIII. African Americans and the Revivals
A. the new sects were open to all races
a. slaves were permitted to join
B. many black preaches
a. Gabriel Prosser
1. a black ministers brother came up with a plan to revolt against Richmond
i. white men found out and prevented it
C. caused ration unrest in the south

IX. Indians and the 2nd Great Awakening
A. combined Christianity and Indian imagery
B. Many converted to Baptist of Methodist
C. Indian leaders
a. Neolin
1. called for a rise in defense of their lands
2. Wanted to stop trade with the whites
b. Handsome Lake
1. inspired Indians to give up gambling, drinking and other destructive customs
2. sent missionaries to other tribe
3. told men to stop hunting and farm, told women to stop farming and work in the home more
i. if women resisted he called them witches

X. free thinkers
A. leaders of the time

Technology in America
I. England tried to keep their technology from America
A. did not export machinery
B. did not allow skilled machinist to immigrate to America
a. finally some machinist came to America
1. Samuel Slater
i. made a spinning mill in America (learned in England)
II. America produced inventers
A. Oliver Evans
a. automatic flour mill, a card making machine
b. improvements on the stem engine
B. Eli Whitney
a. Cotton Gin
1. took seeds out of the cotton so it could be sold
b. production of muskets in mass numbers
2. came up with a system in which people would make one part of the gun and another person would put all the parts together to make the gun
i. adopted by many other industries
III. North and South
A. North became very industrious
B. South was agriculture (most Cotton)

Transportation Innovations pg. 190
A. Efficient system for transporting raw materials to factories and markets.
1. US didn’t have this system in the early years of republic
B. The rapid growth of American shipping
1. In proportion to its population the US has more ship and international commerce then any country. In the world.
2. Between 1789 and 1810 the percent age increased form 30 to 90 form what was carried over.
a. Imports was ever dramatically 17.5% to a whopping 90%
C. Improving transportation
1. Process was slower than international shipping
2. River transportation
a. Development in steamboat
b. Oliver Evan’s development of the high- pressure
3. Robert Fulton’s steamboat
a. Fulton and Robert Livingston were responsible for perception the steamboat and bringing more attention the nation
b. Also able ships to go up river and across to the west
D. Turnpike s Era in 1792
1. Constructed a toll road running 60 miles
a. With hard packed surface of crushed rocks.
2. Costed low to make
3. Didn’t go into the mountains
4. Later the government had finance it.

I.Rising Cities
A.despite all the changes America was still very much a rural and agrarian nation
i.3.% percent lived of the non-indian population lived in cities for 8,000 or more by the 2nd census in 1800
-10% lived west of the Appalachians, far from urban cities
a.most of the country remained wilderness, and even the largest cities could not begin to compare to cities such as London and Paris.
-philadelphia:70,000; New York: 60,000; Baltimore, 26,000; Boston, 24,000; and Charleston:20,000
B.Urban Life
i.most urbanites wanted the finer things that even the wealthiest farmers would not think to buy
a.they also looked for diversions such as music, dancing and other forms of popular culture such as horse racing
ii.it would be hard to believe that this small nation could ever become a complex society but forces were already at work
a.Thomas Jefferson, although a great supporter of the agrarian ideal, found that he must face the changes that society was going through because those changes would ultimately change the country

The Federal City and the “People President”
A. The District of Columbia, which is D.C.
1. During the Jeffersonian era there was a character of newly founded national capital
a. The city of Washington, (Washington D.C.)
2. Emerge a great and majestic city
a. Growing nationalism that the Federalist were promoting
b. A French architect Pierre L’Enfant designed the capital on a grand scale.
i. On the highest hill
ii. People believe that Washington was the going to be the Paris of France
3. The nation’s capital was moved from New York to Washington in 1800
4. The members of congress saw Washington D.C as a place to work and not home
5. Jefferson “The People’s President”
a. He was wealthy, aristocratic, owed 100 slaves
b. A man of rare cultivation and sophistication
i. The sought out to be ordinary by the public
ii. More relaxed kind of President
c. Managed to impress most everyone who knew him
i. A brilliant conversationalist, a gifted writer, intelligent and creative man
d. Jefferson was a shrewd and practical politician
i. Believe, like Washington, that federal offices should be filled with men of loyal to the principles and policies of the administration
e. Most of the government jobs were handed to the Republicans
i. That why he won in reelections in 1804

Dollars and Ships
Between 1793 and 1800, Hamilton had increased the public debt by nearly tripling it.
A. Limiting the Federal Government
1. 1802-Jefferson administration persuaded Congress to abolish all internal taxes
a. this left only customs duties and western land sales as only sources of profit for government
2. Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin reduced government spending
3. During his presidency, Jefferson cut national debt almost in half ($ 83 million to $45 million)
4. Jefferson reduced armed forces (4,000 men to 2,500)
5. He also helped establish the United States Military Academy at West Point (founded in 1802)
B. Challenging the Barbary Pirates
A. Barbary States of North Africa demanded protection money from all nations who sailed the Mediterranean
B. During the 1780’s and 1790’s the U.S. agreed to provide annual tribute to the Barbary States
1. Jefferson was reluctant to continue this – instead he wanted to start war
a. 1801 – Tripoli (Barbary State) chopped down American flagpole (a declaration of war)
b. over the next several years, Jefferson built up American fleet
c. 1805 – U.S. finally reached agreement with Tripoli leaders that ended American payments
d. however, U.S. was required to pay $60,000 ransom for release of American prisoners
i. this humiliated America

Conflict with the courts
I. Marbury vs. Madison
A. James Madison
a. responsible to deliver the midnight appointments left by Jefferson
b. did not deliver the appointment to Madison
B. William Marbury
a. Never did receive the appointment
b. Filed a cast with the supreme court

I.Jefferson and Napoleon
A.Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800
i.between France and Spain where France regained title to Louisiana land
B.Toussaint L’Ouverture
i.black leader of African revolt in Santo Domingo
a.although French armies quickly stifled the upset; it was only a sign of what was to come.
ii.even though the Adams administration approved of L’Ouverture, the Jefferson administration did not
iii.at one point L’Ouverture suggested that the U.S. may become involved in the effort to end the revolt, but nothing ever came of his thought
C.The Importance of New Orleans
i.although it was believed that France was our natural friend, Jefferson had heard rumors of the secret transfer of Louisiana from British to French control
a.he knew that because of the trade power of the Mississippi River that whoever controlled Louisiana was the U.S.’s enemy
ii.Jefferson was further disturbed when he got word of a new regulation that even though U.S. ships had been accustomed to preparing oceangoing ships at New Orleans, a new regulation stated that the practice must cease immediately, even though the U.S. had been guaranteed that right in Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795
D.Napoleon’s Offer
i.the westerners began to demand that Jefferson find a way to reopen the port, but if he used military force, he ran the risk of a major war w/ France but if he did nothing he risked losing political support
a.as a solution, he told Robert R. Livingston(ambassador to Paris) to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans
-in addition, Livingston, on his own authority, suggested that Napoleon sell the vast Louisiana territory as well
ii.in the meantime, Jefferson got congress’s approval for funding and military aid to go into New Orleans and ally w/ the British if it was necessary.
a.it is believed that this is the reason why Napoleon chose to accept Livingston’s offer
iii.this was all good for Napoleon b/c a yellow fever outbreak depleted his forces in the U.S., a major winter freeze left backup troops stranded in a Dutch harbor for the winter of 1802-1803, and he was preparing for a European war
a.with all this going on, Napoleon would not have been able to properly secure an American empire

I.The Louisiana Purchase
A.For Negotiations, Jefferson sent Livingston and James Monroe to Paris
i.both were reluctant to even consider a treaty since they had not been authorized to do so by their government, but the treaty proceeded
a.on April 30, 1803, the treat was signed
ii.by the terms:
-the U.S. was to pay France 80 million Francs($15 million)
-grant exclusive commercial privileges to France in the New Orleans port
-to incorporate the residents of Louisiana w/ the same rights and privileges of other citizens
a.the boundaries of the purchase were never clearly defined.
-the treaty simply specified that Louisiana would occupy the same extent as it had when France and Spain owned it
B.Jefferson’s Quandary
i.he was pleased w/ the treaty’s terms, but unsure whether the government had the power to accept it(the federal government cannot rightfully exert it’s power unless specified to do so in the constitution)
a.nowhere in the constitution does it talk about the acquisition of territory, but Jeffersons’s advisors persuaded him that his treaty making power under the constitution would justify the purchase of Louisiana
ii.finally in 1803, France took control of Louisiana from Spain in just enough time to hand it over to the U.S. and General James Wilkinson, the commissioner of the U.S. and the commander of a small occupation force.
C.Territory
i.the U.S. organized Louisiana Territory just as it organized the Northwest Territory, with the thought in mind that eventually, individual states would emerge
a.the first state admitted to the union was Louisiana in 1812

Lewis and Clark Explore the West
A. 1803 – Jefferson helped plan an expedition to cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean
1. Purpose:
a. gather geographical facts
b. investigate prospects for trade with the Indians
2. Leaders
a. Meriwether Lewis
i. Jefferson’s private secretary
ii. 32 years old
iii. skilled in the ways of wilderness
b. William Clark
i. 28 years old
ii. experienced frontiersman & Indian fighter
3. 1804 – Lewis & Clark started up the Missouri River with 4 dozen men
a. Sacajawea – Shoshone woman – was their guide
b. eventually they crossed the rocky Mountains, descended the Snake & Columbia Rivers
c. In autumn of 1805 – they camped on the Pacific Coast
d. September of 1806 – they arrived back in St. Louis with records of geography & Indian life
B. During Lewis & Clark’s expedition, Jefferson sent other explorers to different parts of the Louisiana Territory
1. Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike
a. 1805 – Pike led expedition from St. Louis to upper Mississippi Valley
b. 1806 – he set out up the Arkansas River
i. here he attempted, but failed, to climb the peak that is now named after him
c. he led people to believe that the land between the Missouri River and The Rockies was uncultivable
i. he was wrong

Conflict on the Seas
I. In the early 19th century American shipping in the Atlantic grew rapidly
A. one of the most powerful merchants marines in the world

II. Napoleonic Wars
A. War between France and Britian
B. US not involved

III. American Predicament
A. The French got beat in the sea (Navy) so they decided to break the British economically.
a. made decrees with Berlin and Milan to not trade with the English
B. The British not liking the idea made a barakade and said they would capture ships trading with France
C. Americans did not know what to do.
a. if they sailed toward the British the French would take over the ship in the European Port
b. if they sail toward France the English will attack the ship in the high sea

Impressment
I. impressments is the forcing people to work on ships under poor conditions
A. British practiced impressments

II. Many English that became impressed escaped
A. many sought refuge with the Americans and became crew on merchant ships
B. British upset for losing their impressed began searching American merchant ships
C. British searched an American Naval ship and got a little cared away
a. The Chesapeake was an American Naval Ship
b. The Leopard was a British Naval Ship
1. The Leopard approached the Chesapeake and demanded to be able to board and search the ship
2. The Captain of the Chesapeake said now way
3. The Captain of the Leopard opened fire on the Chesapeake
i. Some men died others wounded
4. The Captain of the Chesapeake had no choice but to surrender
5. Four American men were captured by the English
6. Americans got really mad and Jefferson told our minister to push the British to stop impressment
7. The British refused but returned 3 men to the Americans because 1 was hung

“Peaceable Coercion”
A. The Embargo
1. Prohibited American ships from leaving the US for any foreign port anywhere in the world
2. One of the most controversial political issues of its time
3. Brought to congress by Jefferson in 1807
4. Congress also passed a “force of act” to the gov, to enforce the Embargo
5. Created a serious depression among the nation
a. Hit the merchants and ship owners hard
i. Losing money everyday
B. The election of 1808 came in the midst of Embargo
1. James Madison won cause the public though that Jefferson was dumb for the depression him made
2. Jefferson decided to back down
3. Jefferson passed a bill of his experiment called the peaceable coercion.
C. The non-Intercourse Act replaced the Embargo
1. Reopened trade with all nations but great Britain
2. France announced that they would not interfere with American ships
3. Madison said that if great Britain would not restate its restrictions on American shipping the embargo would stand
4. In time the embargo was less enforced

Naval policies were only part of the reason for tensions between Britain and the US

The “Indian Problem” and the British
A. William Henry Harrison and Tecumseh.
1. Between the Indians and the white settlers
2. The veteran Indian fighter at the age of26
a. He was responsible for the passage in 1800 of the so-called Harrison Land Law
3. Tecumseh was the very important leader to the Indians
B. Jefferson’s offer
1. 1801 Jefferson selected Harrison governor of the Indian Territory
a. To find a solution to the Indian problem (white society)
b. Migrate to the west of the Mississippi
i. Both choice they would have to give up thier claims to their lands in the Northwest
C. Because of the Indian were not united it was harder for them to fight
1. The British had to renew their friendship with the Indians because of the American invasion of Canada
2. Canada want to have the Indians as employees because the other side would have already pick them up

Tecumseh and the Prophet
I. Tenkwatawa was a charismatic religious leader
A. Influential because he had over come alcoholism
a. told the people to dislike and unite against the white men and there horrible culture

II. Tecumseh
A. son of Tenskwatawa
B. Chief of Shawnee
a. united all the tribes and lead them into battle

III. Tecumseh lead the tribes to fight
A. the battle of Tippecanoe
a. lots of Indians died
b. driven out of the area

IV. Loss of tribal support
A. after the loss of life no one believed in Tenkwatawas mystical power that was to protect all the Indian peoples
B. However many young warriors still wanted to fight because they saw it the only way to win back there land.

Florida and War Fever
A. Frontiersmen in the South wanted to conquer Spanish Florida for many reasons
1. It was a threat to whites in the North
a. Slaves escaped across the Florida border
b. Indians often started raids in northern settlements
2. Advantages of the South
a. many rivers ran through it and made trade possible
B. American settlers in West Florida seized the Spanish Fort at Baton Rogue
1. President Madison agreed to annex the territory to the U. S.
2. He planned to get the rest of Florida as well
a. This became motivation for war with Britain (Britain & Spain were allies)
C. War Hawks
1. In the 1810 elections, many representatives who were eager for war with Britain were elected
a. They were know as “war hawks”
2. Two important “war hawks”
a. Henry Clay – Kentucky
i. became Speaker of the House (1811)
b. John C. Calhoun
i. was appointed to Committee of Foreign Affairs
D. June 18, 1812 – Madison gave in and declared war against Britain

I.Battles With The Tribes
A.Early Defeats
i.America entered the War of 1812 with great enthusiasm but soon tried to invade Canada through Detroit and was forced back to Detroit and forced to surrender(other efforts failed as well and in the meantime, Fort Dearborn(Chicago) fell under Indian attack)
ii.American ships did only slightly better in the water and attacked British ships but not for long when Britain(no longer preoccupied with Napoleon) drove American frigates to cover and imposed a blockade on the U.S.
B.Put-In-Bay
i.After gaining some control over the great lakes, Oliver Hazard Perry engaged and dispersed the British at Put-In-Bay(Lake Erie) on Sept. 10 1813
C.Battle of the Thames
i.at the battle of the Thames, William Henry Harrison won a victory which included the notable death of Tecumseh
a.the battle weakened and disheartened the Native Americans and they greatly lost their ability to defend their claims to the region of the Northwest.
D.Battle of Horseshoe Bend(March 5, 1813)
i.Andrew Jackson set off into Florida to gain revenge on the Indians for attacking settlers near the border
a.after the bloody revenge, the resistance of the Creeks broke
-the Creeks ceded most of their land to the U.S. and retreated further into the interior
b.Jackson became a major general in the army and upon leading his men further to the south, seized the Spanish fort at Pensacola on November 7, 1814

The Peace Settlement
* Peace talk between the US and the Britain begun before the fighting in the war of 1812.
* Was not serious until 1814
A. The Treaty of Ghent
1. Ghent, Belgium, the American and the British diplomats met
a. John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin lead the American in
2. Begun with great demands and ended with ending the fighting
3. Signed on Christmas Eve of 1814
4. Both had reason to accept the puny agreement
a. British exhausted and in debt
b. American realized that the defeat with Napoleon no longer had inception to interfere with Americans commerce.
B. Rush-Bagot Agreement
1. In 1817 provided for mutual disarmament of the Great lakes
a. Not until 1872 the Canadian-American boundary because the longest “unguarded frontier” in the world
2. Required the US to restore the tribes
3. Their most important leader was dead, Tecumseh


Conclusion

o Thomas Jefferson called his election to the presidency the “Revolution of 1800”
o His victory would bring change in the nation
o However the American society was quietly changing in the early nineteenth century, making it impossible for the Jeffersonian dream to overcome
o Nation was growing big in population and difference
o Jefferson made importance growth: the Louisiana Purchase.
o Created another conflict with Great Britain: the War of 1800
o An “Era of Good Feelings”

[ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ]
[ Contact Forum Admin ]

Forum timezone: GMT-8
VF Version: 3.00b, ConfDB:
Before posting please read our privacy policy.
VoyForums(tm) is a Free Service from Voyager Info-Systems.
Copyright © 1998-2019 Voyager Info-Systems. All Rights Reserved.