Author:
Financial week Sigma value 200 x Coke45===9000 Sunday 24/10/2010==beautiful spring day quite warm sunny Melbourne
|
[
Next Thread |
Previous Thread |
Next Message |
Previous Message
]
Date Posted: 24/10/10 0:52:43
Sigma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Sigma (disambiguation).
Look up ¥Ò, ¥ò, or ς in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Greek alphabet
¥Á¥á Alpha ¥Í¥í Nu
¥Â¥â Beta ¥Î¥î Xi
¥Ã¥ã Gamma ¥Ï¥ï Omicron
¥Ä¥ä Delta ¥Ð¥ð Pi
¥Å¥å Epsilon ¥Ñ¥ñ Rho
¥Æ¥æ Zeta ¥Ò¥òς Sigma
¥Ç¥ç Eta ¥Ó¥ó Tau
¥È¥è Theta ¥Ô¥ô Upsilon
¥É¥é Iota ¥Õ¥õ Phi
¥Ê¥ê Kappa ¥Ö¥ö Chi
¥Ë¥ë Lambda ¥×¥÷ Psi
¥Ì¥ì Mu ¥Ø¥ø Omega
Other characters
Digamma Stigma
Heta San
Qoppa Sampi
Greek diacritics
The Madaba Map, a sixth-century mosaic map of Jerusalem ("¥Ç ¥Á¥Ã¥É¥Á ¬±¬°¥Ë¥É¥Ò") uses the lunate sigma.Sigma (upper case ¥Ò, lower case ¥ò, lower case in word-final position ς; Greek ¥òί¥ã¥ì¥á) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, and carries the 'S' sound. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word, and the word is not all upper case, the final form (ς) is used, e.g. Ὀ¥ä¥ô¥ò¥ò¥åύς (Odysseus) - note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the end. It is not to be confused with the cedilla ç.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Etymology
1.2 Uppercase of esh
1.3 Lunate sigma
2 Uses
2.1 Greek
2.2 Science and mathematics
2.2.1 Upper case
2.2.2 Lower case
2.3 Politics
2.4 Miscellaneous
3 Technical notes
3.1 Unicode
4 See also
5 References
History
The shape and alphabetic position of Sigma is derived from Phoenician shin 𐤔.
Etymology
The name of sigma, according to one theory,[1] may continue that of Phoenician Samekh. According to a different theory,[2] its original name may have been "San" (the name today associated with another, obsolete letter), while "Sigma" was a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", based on a nominalization of a verb ¥òί¥æ¥ø (sízō, from earlier *sig-jō, meaning 'I hiss').
Uppercase of esh
The uppercase form of sigma was re-borrowed into the Latin alphabet to serve as the uppercase of modern esh (lowercase: ʃ).
Lunate sigma
In handwritten Greek during the Hellenistic period (4th and 3rd centuries BC), the epigraphic form of ¥Ò was simplified into a C-like shape.[3] It is also found on coins from the fourth century BC onwards.[4] This became the universal standard form of Sigma during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is today known as lunate sigma (upper case Ϲ, lower case ϲ), because of its crescent-like shape.
It is still widely used in decorative typefaces in Greece, especially in religious and church contexts, as well as in some modern print editions of classical Greek texts. The forms of the Cyrillic letter ¬³ (representing /s/) and Coptic letter Ⲥ sima are derived from lunate sigma.
A dotted lunate sigma (sigma periestigmenon, encoded at U+03FE Ͼ) was used by Aristarchus of Samothrace as an editorial sign indicating that the line so marked is at an incorrect position. Similarly, an antisigma or reversed sigma (Ͻ) may mark a line that is out of place. A dotted antisigma or dotted reversed sigma (antisigma periestigmenon: Ͽ) may indicate a line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.
Uses
Greek
In both Ancient and Modern Greek, the sigma represents the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/. In Ancient Greek, this sound was voiced to /z/ before /m/ or /n/.
Science and mathematics
Upper case
Upper case ¥Ò is used as a symbol for:
the summation operator
a class of baryons in particle physics
macroscopic cross sections in nuclear and particle physics
self-energy in condensed matter physics
the balance of the invoice classes and the overall amount of the debts and demands in economics
the set of symbols that form an alphabet in linguistics and computer science
Lower case
Lower case ¥ò is used for:
sigma bonds in chemistry
the sigma receptor in biology
the standard deviation of a population or probability distribution in statistics
a quality model for business, Six Sigma, based on the standard deviation, often referred to as "6¥ò"
sigma-algebras, sigma-fields and sigma-finiteness in measure theory; more generally, the symbol ¥ò serves as a shorthand for "countably", e.g. a ¥ò-compact topological space is one that can be written as a countable union of compact subsets.
the generated sigma-algebra of a set A is denoted ¥ò(A)
the sum-of-divisors function in number theory
the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
the "sigma factor" of RNA polymerase
a measure of electrical conductivity
the Surface charge density in electrostatics
Normal stress in continuum mechanics
volatility of a stock generally needed for options pricing
a syllable in phonology
the spectrum of a matrix A, denoted as ¥ò(A), in applied mathematics
surface tension
the unary operation of selection on a database relation in relational algebra
the Pauli matrices in quantum mechanics
a target's radar cross section (RCS) in radar jamming or Electronic Warfare (EW)
Politics
During the 1930s, an upper case ¥Ò was in use as the symbol of the Ação Integralista Brasileira, a radical right-wing party in Brazil.
Miscellaneous
Mercury-Atlas 8 was called Sigma 7.
Upper-case ¥Ò is sometimes substituted jocularly for upper-case E to impart a "Greek" air; posters for the film My Big Fat Greek Wedding and promotional materials for the television series Greek, for instance, have "GR¥Ò¥ÒK" instead.
Sigma 2,3,5,6,7,8,9 computers produced by Xerox Data Systems in the 1970s following purchase of SDS, Scientific Data Systems, by it. Successful range of scientific computers similar to IBM 370s.
Sigma is the name of a system for ontology development and reasoning
Project Sigma was the name of a proposal for a "spontaneous university" by the Scottish writer Alexander Trocchi.
The French mathematician and poet Jacques Roubaud used the symbol as a title for his first book of poems, ¥Ò, published in 1967.[5]
The main antagonist in the Mega Man X series is named Sigma.
In the video game Lux-Pain, Sigma is often mentioned as a power used to destroy "Silent".
Doctor Who's Ood Sigma was a primary character in Planet of the Ood he also played a minor role in The Waters of Mars and The End of Time. He has the letter ¥Ò on his tunic. Sigma was also part of the name which the Doctor used whilst living on Gallifrey, the name being Theta Sigma.
The last part of the colon in the human body is called " sigmoid" as it is "S" shaped, as it descends down into the pelvis.
Technical notes
Unicode
description character Unicode HTML
Greek
SIGMA ¥Ò
¥ò U+03A3
U+03C3 ¥Ò
¥ò
SMALL LETTER
FINAL SIGMA ς U+03C2 ς
LUNATE SIGMA
SYMBOL Ϲ
ϲ U+03F9
U+03F2 Ϲ
ϲ
REVERSED
LUNATE SIGMA
SYMBOL Ͻ
ͻ U+03FD
U+037B Ͻ
ͻ
DOTTED
LUNATE SIGMA
SYMBOL Ͼ
ͼ U+03FE
U+037C Ͼ
ͼ
REVERSED DOTTED
LUNATE SIGMA
SYMBOL Ͽ
ͽ U+03FF
U+037D Ͽ
ͽ
There are several Unicode codepoints representing the Greek letter sigma.
The use of multiple codepoints for final / non-final sigma is somewhat unusual in Unicode. However, the two cannot always be distinguished by a simple algorithm (there are exceptions for abbreviations), and there is a significant history of them being separate characters in other specifications.[6]
Additionally, there are at least 23 codepoints for sigma as a symbol (bold, italic, sans-serif, lunate, reversed, or dotted, in various combinations).
See also
Antisigma
Sampi
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
References
^ Jeffery, Lilian H. (1961). The local scripts of archaic Greece. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 25–27.
^ Woodard, Roger D. (2006). "Alphabet". In Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. London: Routldedge. p. 38.
^ Edward M. Thompson (1912), Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography, Oxford: Clarendon. p.108, 144
^ parthia.com: Numismatica Font Projects.
^ Auster, Paul, editor, The Random House Book of Twentieth-Century French Poetry: with Translations by American and British Poets, New York: Random House, 1982 ISBN 0-394-52197-8
^ http://unicode.org/faq/greek.html#5
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma"
Categories: Greek letters
Hidden categories: Articles containing Ancient Greek language text
Personal tools
New features Log in / create account Namespaces
Article Discussion VariantsViews
Read View source View history ActionsSearch
Navigation
Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate Interaction
About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Help Toolbox
What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export
Create a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguages
Alemannisch العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg ¬¢¬ì¬Ý¬Ô¬Ñ¬â¬ã¬Ü¬Ú Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti ¥Å¥ë¥ë¥ç¥í¥é¥êά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Çѱ¹¾î Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ìíÜâåÞ Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) Plattdüütsch Polski Português ¬²¬å¬ã¬ã¬Ü¬Ú¬Û Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soranî / کوردی Srpskohrvatski / ¬³¬â¬á¬ã¬Ü¬à¬ç¬â¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬ã¬Ü¬Ú Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe ¬µ¬Ü¬â¬Ñї¬ß¬ã¬î¬Ü¬Ñ 吴语 粵åÞ ñéÙþ This page was last modified on 10 October 2010 at 16:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia¢ç is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
[
Next Thread |
Previous Thread |
Next Message |
Previous Message
]
|
Feedback: 