VoyForums
[ Show ]
Support VoyForums
[ Shrink ]
VoyForums Announcement: Programming and providing support for this service has been a labor of love since 1997. We are one of the few services online who values our users' privacy, and have never sold your information. We have even fought hard to defend your privacy in legal cases; however, we've done it with almost no financial support -- paying out of pocket to continue providing the service. Due to the issues imposed on us by advertisers, we also stopped hosting most ads on the forums many years ago. We hope you appreciate our efforts.

Show your support by donating any amount. (Note: We are still technically a for-profit company, so your contribution is not tax-deductible.) PayPal Acct: Feedback:

Donate to VoyForums (PayPal):

[ Login ] [ Main index ] [ Post a new message ] [ Search | Check update time | Archives: 1, 2, 3, 4, [5] ]

[ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ]

Date Posted: 21:28:28 10/29/08 Wed
Author: Rick
Subject: The Three Stooges Halloween Treat!

Happy Halloween! This is a complete listing of all Stooges shorts that are in the Halloween-horror-science fiction genre for your enjoyment on this day.


34.) Three Missing Links (1938)
July 29, 1938
18 minutes
SD: 4/7 to 4/8, 4/11 & 4/12/38
Written by Searle Kramer
Directed by Jules White

Studio President B. O. Botswoddle is conferring with film director Herbert Herringbone over his trouble in locating a leading man to portray a gorilla, opposite Mirabel Mirabel in Darkest Africa. Who could they find to essay the missing link? Following the meeting, Botswoddle and Herringbone stumble across three studio janitors (the Stooges) rehearsing Shakespeare in the broom closet.

Herringbone looks no farther, hiring Curly as the lead gorilla and Moe and Larry as his assistants. The next day, the entire cast and crew shift production to Africa, where the Stooges meet Dr. Ba Loni Sulami, a witch doctor, who sells "Love Candy" (which produces instant passion when consumed). Curly is sold on this taffy-like substance, buying some for his leading lady, Mirabel.

While filming a scene, Curly (in the ape costume) has a face-to-face confrontation with a real female gorilla. She chases Curly through the jungle and back to the witch doctor's hut. Curly offers the gorilla Love Candy, but the animal doesn't accept his peace offering. Curly then swallows the potent stuff himself and like a shot from Cupid's bow, springs after his new sweetheart, the gorilla.

Cast Credits:

Monty Collins as Director Herbert Herringbone
Jane Hamilton as Mirabel Mirabel
James C. Morton as B. O. Botswoddle
Naba as Dr. Ba Loni Sulami


37.) We Want Our Mummy (1939)
February 24, 1939
17 minutes
SD: 11/1 to 11/4/38
Written by Searle Kramer, Elwood Ullman
Directed by Del Lord

Professor Tuttle has disappeared. He is the only man in the world who knows the exact location of the King Rutentuten mummy. To solve this mystery, Professor Wilson, an Egyptologist at the Musuem of Ancient History, summons three top investigators: Sherlock Bones (Larry), Charlie Chin (Moe) and Philo Pants (Curly). Once in Egypt, the Stooges search aimlessly through an underground tomb, finding that a gang of desperadoes are holding Professor Tuttle in another cavern.

The crooks' main interest is to unearth precious jewels hidden in the Rutentuten mummy. In order to circumvent this plot, Moe applies his previous experience as a tailor, dresssing up Curly as a makeshift King Rutentuten. When the gang's leader searches through Curly's mummy attire for the diamonds, he finds an old newspaper and reads it aloud: "Yanks Win World Series! Can you beat that!" Blowing his disguise, Curly says, "Ya. And I won five bucks!"

A short chase ensues, with Jackson and his gang falling into an open pit that the Stooges covered earlier with an Egyptian rug. With the case now solved, Professor Tuttle reveals that the mummy they found wasn't Rutentuten, but rather his wife, Queen Hotsitotsie. It turns out that the real King is a midget!

Cast Credits:

Bud Jamsion as Professor Wilson
James C. Morton as Professor Crowe
Dick Curtis as Jackson
Robert Williams as Professor Tuttle
Ted Lorch as Kidnapper
Eddie Laughton as Jake, the Taxi Driver

FN: "Yanks Win World Series" gag and Curly's brief scene with a mummy alligator weren't scripted in the final draft of the film's screenplay. "Rutentuten" is spelling in the film's script.


68.) Dizzy Detectives (1943)
February 5, 1943
18.5 minutes
WT: Idiots DeLuxe
Written by Felix Adler
Directed by Jules White

Mysterious burglaries are the topic of conversation when the Ape Man strikes again. Joe Dill, the head of the Citizens' League, demands that the police inspector, I. Doolittle, track down the gorilla, or he'll ask for his resignation. Doolittle has no other choice than to hire three new detectives, the Stooges, to solve the case. Hot on the trail, the boys come upon the animal in a curio shop and have a series of freak adventures. In the course of the spooky night, they capture three crooks. One of them is Joe Dill, who owns the trained ape.

Cast Credits:

John Tyrell as Mr. Dill
Bud Jamison as I. Doolittle
Dick Jensen as Second Crook
Lynon Brent as Mike, the First Crook

FN: Carpenter routine was used from Pardon My Scotch (8/1/35).


69.) Spook Louder (1943)
April 2, 1943
16 minutes
SD: 7/17 to 7/18 & 7/20 to 7/21/42
Written by Clyde Bruckman
Directed by Del Lord

A newspaper reporter calls upon a special investigator to sniff out the story behind the breakup of the great spy ring. As the investigator tells the story, the Stooges are seen in flashback as salesman peddling the Miracle Massage Reducing Machine. Two unsuccessful attempts lead Moe, Larry, and Curly to a visit at the home of an eccentric scientist, Mr. Graves.

When Graves is called to Washington to demonstrate his new death ray machine, he asks the Stooges to sleep overnight, so no enemy spies will break in and steal his inventions. That night, climaxing in a series of events, conspirators enter the premises and pies mysteriously explode out of nowhere, plastering the Stooges.

Still in pursuit of the spies, Curly finally scares them away when he whips out a bomb. The spirit of another being remains in the house and throws another round of lemon meringue pies at the Stooges. Out of flashback, the final scene with the investigator and reporter explains the puzzling mystery.

Cast Credits:

Stanely Blystone as Spy Leader
William Kelly as J. Ogden Dunkfeather
Symona Boniface as Well-Dressed Woman
Ted Lorch as Mr. Graves, the Inventor
Charles Middleton as the Butler
Shirley Patterson as Perkins, Dunkfeather's Secretay
Stanley Brown as Reporter

FN: A remake of The Great Pie Mystery (1931), also directed by Del Lord.


80.) Idle Roomers (1944)
July 16, 1944
16.5 minutes
Written by Del Lord, Elwood Ullman
Directed by Del Lord

Two vaudeville performers arrive at a hotel where the Stooges are bellboys with a trunk containing a Wolf Man who goes wild whenever he hears music. Curly unloads the trunk and turns on the radio, causing the Wolf Man to escape into rooms occupied by other guests. When petrified guests report seeing a hairly burglar in the hotel, the manager orders the Stooges to find him. Their frantic search ends in the elevator, which is occupied by the Wolf Man!

Cast Credits:

Christine McIntyre as Mrs. Leander
Duke York as Lupe, the Wolf Man
Vernon Dent as Mr. Leander
Joanne Frank as Hazel
Esther Howard as Elderly Woman

FN: This comedy borrows the Wolf Man, a character seen in Universal's 1941 film of the same title. He is played by Duke York in this film and not Lon Chaney, Jr. This short is also known as The Three Stooges Meet the Wolf Man.


83.) Three Pests in a Mess (1945)
January 19, 1945
15 minutes
Written by Del Lord
Directed by Del Lord

When Larry, Moe and Curly try selling a Patent Office clerk on their fly-catching machine, a woman from the Cheatam Investment Company mistakes the Stooges as winners of a sweepstakes ticket worth $100,000. Once she discovers she's goofed, her two crooked associates return and chase the Stooges into a sporting goods shop, where a rifle falls on Curly's head. He takes the weapon and accidentally fires it. It hits a mannequin and Curly thinks he's killed a real man.

The trio stuff the mannequin into a trash bag and try burying the evidence at Ever Rest Pet Cemetery. A night watchman hears them digging and calls the cemetery owner, Mr. Black, who leaves a costume party, bringing along his two partners who are dressed as a devil and a skeleton. Naturally, Black and his men scare the Stooges out of their shoes and out of the cemetery!

Cast Credits:

Vernon Dent as Mr. Black
Vic Travers as Patent Office Man
Snub Pollard as Watchman
Christine McIntyre as Girl
Brian O' Hara as I. Cheatam
Heinie Conklin as Devil

FN: To achieve the shot of Larry sliding underneath the door, the prop man dug a hole and covered it with rubber, then pulled Larry below in a speed shot. The gag of disposing of a mock dead body was also in Habeas Corpus (1928), with Laurel and Hardy.


86.) If a Body Meets a Body (1945)
August 30, 1945
18 minutes
WT: Nearly in the Dough
Written by Gilbert Pratt
Screenplay by Jack White
Directed by Jules White

Moe and Larry read in the newspaper that the relatives of the late Robert Q. Link are searching for Curly Q. Link, the heir to his $3 million estate. When Curly informs Moe and Larry that Link was his uncle, the Stooges leave immediately for the reading of the will at a spooky old mansion. But the will gets stolen. At the mansion, there have been reports of murders and other strange happenings.

In their room, the Stooges witness so many strange goings-on themselves, that they flee downstairs, knocking over the maid, who turns out to be a man and a thief of the Link will. Curly grabs the document, anxious to know his inheritance, and learns that his uncle has bequeathed the sum of 67 cents!

Cast Credits:

Ted Lorch as Jerkington
Fred Kelsey as Detective Clancy
Joe Palma as Housekeeper

FN: Parrot in the skull gag was also used in Hot Scots (7/8/48) and Scotched in Scotland (11/4/54). A remake of Laurel and Hardy's Murder Case (1930).


89.) A Bird in the Head (1946)
February 28, 1946
17 minutes
SD: 4/9 to 4/13/45
Written by Edward Bernds
Directed by Edward Bernds

Paperhangers Moe, Larry and Curly wreck Mrs. Beedle's apartment and lose their jobs. They find work at the home of Professor Panzer, an eccentric scientist. Soon, however, the Stooges learn that the scientist is more eager to have them around as possible material for a daring experiment. It seems he is trying to transfer the brain of a man to his pet ape, Igor, and naturally Curly's brain is just the right size: tiny. Realizing the Professor's plan, the trio fight their way out, aided by a machine gun, and the ape, who has developed a stong affinity for Curly.

Cast Credits:

Vernon Dent as Professor Panzer
Robert Williams as Mr. Beedle
Frank Lackteen as Nikko
Art Miles as Igor, the Ape

FN: This film went a fifth day because of the death of President Roosevelt. The studio was shut down and everyone went home, returning the next day to finish up.


104.) Shivering Sherlocks (1948)
January 8, 1948
17 minutes
SD: 3/25 & 3/26/47
WT: Where the Vest Begins
Written by Del Lord, Elwood Ullman
Directed by Del Lord

Larry, Moe and Shemp are mistaken for three armoured car robbers. Captain Mullins gives the boys a lie detector test, but finds no reason to hold them. He releases them under protective custody of Gladys Harmon, owner of a small cafe, where the Stooges work. When Gladys is informed that she inherited some money and a spooky old mansion, where the real armoured car bandits and their hideous hatchet man, Angel, are hiding. When the mob abducts Gladys, the Stooges come to the rescue with style.

Cast Credits:

Christine McIntyre as Gladys Harmon
Kenneth MacDonald as Lefty Loomis
Frank Lackteen as Red Watkins
Duke York as Angel
Harold Breen as Moe's Stand-In
Joe Murphy as Shemp's Stand-In
B. Edney as Larry's Stand-In
Vernon Dent as Captain Mullins
Stanley Blystone as Customer

FN: Reworked as Of Cash and Hash (2/3/55). Restaurant gag of preparing chicken soup borrowed from Playing the Ponies (10/15/37). Clam soup gag is a revision of the timeworn oyster stew gag. Plot and other similar gags are found in Taxi Spooks (1928), with Jack Cooper, directed by Del Lord and written by Lord and Ewart Adamson.


108.) Hot Scots (1948)
July 18, 1948
17 minutes
WT: Scotland Yardbirds
Written by Elwood Ullman
Directed by Edward Bernds

The Stooges are aspiring detectives who travel to Scotland Yard, answering advertisements for "yard men", only to find out that yard men are the headquarters' gardeners. When the boys are mistaken for real detectives, they call on the Earl of Glenheather Castle, staying overnight to protect his valuables while he's away. The Stooges thwart two servants, Angus and McPherson, from stealing the Earl's heirlooms. Later, the Earl and the Stooges celebrate over a glass of his "Breath O' Heather".

Cast Credits:

Herbert Evans as The Earl
Christine McIntyre as Lorna Doone
Charles Knight as Angus
Ted Lorch as McPherson

FN: Reworked as Scotched in Scotland (11/4/54), using stock footage. Scotland Yard scenes were reused in Hot Ice (10/6/55). Parrot in the skull gag also used in If a Body Meets a Body (8/30/45) and in Scotched in Scotland (11/4/54). The moving beds routine was also seen in Cursed By His Beauty, a 1914 Keystone comedy.


112.) A Crime On Their Hands (1948)
December 9, 1948
17.5 minutes
Written by Elwood Ullman
Directed by Edward Bernds

Dapper and his gang have stolen the priceless Punjab Diamond. Runty, one of Dapper's henchmen, defects when Dapper decides on peddling the jewel. Runty blows the news of Dapper's plans to the Daily Gazette's janitors, Moe, Larry and Shemp, mistaking them for reporters. A short time later, the Stooges start investigating the matter further, and wind up in the thick of trouble. Shemp accidentally swallows the diamond while the Stooges search a room containing Dapper's girlfriend, Bee (the diamond was placed in a bowl of candy, from which Shemp was eating). Dapper and his men return and try operating on Shemp, but the Stooges' pet gorilla intervenes and blows the case wide open.

Cast Credits:

Kenneth MacDonald as Dapper
Christine McIntyre as Bee
Charles C. Wilson as J. L. Cameron
Lester Allen as Runty
Frank Lackteen as Muscles

FN: Reworked as Hot Ice (10/6/55), using stock footage. Newspaper office scenes reused in Commotion On the Ocean (11/8/56).


113.) The Ghost Talks (1949)
February 3, 1949
18 minutes
WT: That's the Spirit
Written by Felix Adler
Directed by Jules White

Shemp, Larry and Moe are hired to move furniture out of an ancient castle. While they are lifting a suit of armour, the crumpled old suit comes to life, asking the Stooges to leave him alone. It seems he is the ghost of Sir Tom, a man beheaded for peeping at Lady Godiva. Now, after a thousand years of imprisonment, Tom will meet the spirit of Lady Godiva herself and they will drift off happily ever after.

Cast Credits:

Phil Arnold as Voice of Tom
Nancy Saunders as Lady Godiva

FN: Reworked as Creeps (2/2/56), using stock footage.


114.) Who Done It? (1949)
March 3, 1949
16 minutes
SD: 12/9 to 12/12/48
Written by Edward Bernds
Directed by Edward Bernds

Detectives Moe, Larry and Shemp ("The Alert Detective Agency") foil the murder plot aimed at old man Goodrich, leading them to a zany chase with a gang of crooks and a born-again monster, "The Goon." A hilarious "in-the-dark" sequence ensues with the Stooges emerging victorious, producing out of trap door a very-much-alive old man Goodrich. Shemp becomes the hero by crowning the crooks with his "trusty little shovel."

Cast Credits:

Christine McIntyre as Delores
Kenneth MacDonald as Hackett
Emil Sitka as John Goodrich
Dudley Dickerson as Janitor
Herbert Evans as Nikko
Duke York as Goon
Ralph Dunn as Henchman Servant
Charles Knight as Crandall

FN: Reworking of Schilling and Lane's Pardon My Terror (9/12/46), originally intended for the Stooges. Also remade as For Crimin' Out Loud (5/3/56).


122.) Dopey Dicks (1950)
March 2, 1950
15.5 minutes
Written by Edward Bernds
Directed by Edward Bernds

While painting the office of a famous private investigator, Shemp, Larry and Moe discover a note leading them to a woman who is being held captive at a scientist's mansion. The Stooges confront the mad scientist, who needs a human brain for his headless mechanical man. His choice: one of the Stooges. Luckily, the Stooges manage to escape with the girl, hitchhiking a ride in a car driven by the headless monster.

Cast Credits:

Christine McIntyre as Louise
Stanley Price as Professor Potter
Phil Van Zandt as Doctor


148.) Spooks! (1953)
June 15, 1953
16 minutes
SD: 5/11 to 5/14/53
Written by Felix Adler
Directed by Jules White

When George Bopper's daughter, Bea, disappears he calls the Super Sleuth Detective Agency, represented by Moe, Larry and Shemp to find her. Disguised as pie salesmen, the Stooges stumble upon a spooky old mansion where Bea is being help captive by Dr. Jeckyl, a mad scientist, Mr. Hyde, his burly assistant, and a rather large gorilla. The boys rescue Bea and fight off Jeckyl and Hyde, culminating in a pie-throwing melee. Naturally, the gorilla befriends the Stooges. One of the best scenes concerns the Stooges dodging a low-flying bat whose face resembles Shemp's.

Cast Credits:

Phil Van Zandt as Dr. Jeckyl
Tom Kennedy as Mr. Hyde
Norma Randall as Bea Bopper
Johnny Kascier as Moe's Stand-In
B. Rose as Shemp's Stand-In
B. Edney as Larry's Stand-In

FN: Filmed and released in 3-D on April 15. Shot at Columbia Sunset Studios on Stage 18. Incidentally, the script cover was a ghostly white color.


151.) Bubble Trouble (1953)
October 8, 1953
17 minutes
SD: 10/13/52
WT: Drugstore Dubs
Written by Felix Adler
Screenplay by Jack White
Directed by Jules White

Unless the Stooges pay back rent, their landlord, Amos Flint, will evict them from their drug store. The trio convince Flint to let them stay when Shemp, Larry and Moe concoct a youth elixir that changes his middle-aged wife back into a volumptuous blonde. But when the landlord consumes the serum, he turns into the world's only talking gorilla!

Cast Credits:

Emil Sitka as Amos Flint
Christine McIntyre as Cerina Flint

FN: The first half of the film is virtually the same footage from All Gummed Up (12/18/47). Later scenes alternate with old and newly filmed shots.


158.) Scotched in Scotland (1954)
November 4, 1954
15.5 minutes
WT: Hassle in the Castle
Written by Elwood Ullman
Screenplay by Jack White
Directed by Jules White

The Stooges gradute as detectives from the Wide Awake Detective School, with the lowest possible honors. Dean O. U. Gonga arranges for the boys' first case; guarding priceless heirlooms for the Earl, owner of the Glenheather Castle in Scotland.

Cast Credits:

Phil Van Zandt as O. U. Gonga, Dean
Christine McIntyre as Lorna
Charles Knight as Angus, (stock footage)
Ted Lorch as McPherson, (stock footage)
George Pembroke as New McPherson
Herbert Evans as The Earl, (stock footage)

FN: A reworking of Hot Scots (7/8/48), using stock footage. A double was used for McPherson in new castle scenes. The parrot-skull gag was also in If a Body Meets a Body (8/30/45) and in Hot Scots (7/8/48).


165.) Hot Ice (1955)
October 6, 1955
16.5 minutes
Written by Elwood Ullman
Screenplay by Jack White
Directed by Jules White

Scotland Yard gardeners Moe, Larry and Shemp turn detectives and recover the Punjab diamond from Dapper Dan.

Cast Credits:

Kenneth MacDonald as Dapper Dan
Christine McIntyre as Bee, (stock footage)
Charles C. Wilson as Inspector McCormick, (stock footage)
Lester Allen as Runty
Barbara Bartay as Girl in Cafe
Bud Fine as Thug in Bar
Blackie Whiteford as Cauliflower-eared Thug

FN: A reworking of A Crime On Their Hands (12/9/48), using stock footage. Scotland Yard scenes (except for reading of memo) are from Hot Scots (7/8/48). In new segments, director Jules White cast a double for "Muscles". The Stooges' search through the dresser drawers is a revision of their file cabinet routine.


168.) Creeps (1956)
February 2, 1956
16 minutes
WT: Three Brave Cowards
Written by Felix Adler
Screenplay by Jack White
Directed by Jules White

The Stooges tell their sons (also the Stooges) a spooky bedtime story on "knights, ghosts and murders" in a haunted castle, where the boys meet some lively antiquated ghosts.

Cast Credits:

Phil Arnold as Voice of Sir Tom

FN: Except for the torture room scenes, the haunted castle footage is culled from The Ghost Talks (2/3/49).


170.) For Crimin' Out Loud (1956)
May 3, 1956
16 minutes
WT: Nutty Newshounds
Written by Edward Bernds
Screenplay by Felix Adler
Directed by Jules White

The Stooges work for the Miracle Detective Agency ("If We Solve Your Crime, It's A Miracle!") and answer a middle-aged councilman's call to track down some racketeers who have threatened his life.

Cast Credits:

Barbara Bartay as Newsgirl
Christine McIntyre as Delores, (stock footage)
Emil Sitka as John Goodrich
Duke York as Nikko, the Goon, (stock footage)
Charles Knight as Crandall
Kenneth MacDonald as Hackett, (stock footage)
Ralph Dunn as Henchman/Servant

FN: Stock footage used from Who Done It? (3/3/49). The Stooges appear in some new scenes, the most notably being that of them at their detective agency. The fighting in the dark gag is also used in Out West (4/24/47), Who Done It? (3/3/49) and later in The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze (1963). This was the final film to contain new footage of Shemp.

Shemp was returning home by taxicab from a boxing match and died of a massive heart attack on November 22, 1955. He was 60. Shemp lit up a cigar after telling a joke, and he suddenly slumped over in his friend Al Winston's lap. He was interred at Home of Peace Memorial Park in East Los Angeles. In 1985, his surviving widow, Gertrude Howard requested that Shemp's remains be exhumed for a second autopsy. It was revealed that Shemp died from a massive opaque plaque buildup in the arteries. In November of 1952, he suffered a mild stroke and was prescribed an unknown heart medication, despite never being treated for a heart problem. The stroke didn't hinder his abilities when working in the Stooges' films up to his death in 1955.


178.) Space Ship Sappy (1957)
April 18, 1957
16 minutes
SD: 8/27 to 8/29/56
WT: Rocket and Roll It
Written by Jack White
Directed by Jules White

Professor Rimple takes three sailors, the Stooges, and his daughter Lisa on an adventurous cruise on a spaceship bound for the planet Sunev (that's Venus spelled backwards!). Here, the boys flee from three cannibalistic amazon women who want to devour them! As they reach the door to the spaceship, it bursts open, knocking Lisa and the Professor out cold. But there is no cause for alarm. Moe believes he can operate the spaceship. He does until Joe grabs hold of the control lever and breaks it off! As the spaceship takes a nose dive, the scene dissolves to the Liar's Club's 27th Annual Convention where an emcee awards the Stooges first prize for being the biggest liars in the world!

Cast Credits:

Benny Rubin as Professor A. K. Rimple
Doreen Woodbury as Professor's Daughter
Lorraine Crawford as Flora
Harriette Tarler as Fauna
Marilyn Hanold as Other Amazon
Emil Sitka as Liar's Club Emcee


182.) Outer Space Jitters (1957)
December 5, 1957
16.5 minutes
SD: 2 days
WT: Outer Space Daze
Written by Jack White
Directed by Jules White

The Stooges and Professor Jones are sent to the planet Sunev to learn about its lifestyle, finding it inhabited by three beautiful girls charged with high-voltage (they love to eat empty clam shells and drink battery acid!) and a brawny-looking zombie called The Goon. When the Stooges learn they're next in line to become zombies, they grab the Professor and escape. The last scene dissolves to them in their apartment finishing the spooky bedtime story for their children (the Stooges), before going out to dinner. But instead of leaving through the front door, the boys jump out the window; the baby sitter's a vampire!

Cast Credits:

Emil Sitka as Professor Jones
Gene Roth as Grand Zilch of Zunev
Phil Van Zandt as High Mucky Muck
Joe Palma as Army Officer
Dan Blocker as The Goon
Harriette Tarler as Beautiful Girl
Diana Darrin as Beautiful Girl
Arline Hunter as Beautiful Girl

[ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ]

Forum timezone: GMT-8
VF Version: 3.00b, ConfDB:
Before posting please read our privacy policy.
VoyForums(tm) is a Free Service from Voyager Info-Systems.
Copyright © 1998-2019 Voyager Info-Systems. All Rights Reserved.