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Date Posted: 19:40:22 03/11/03 Tue
Author: Vitaliy
Subject: 8 Áåðåçíÿ - ̳æíàðîäíèé Ƴíî÷èé Äåíü
In reply to: Îëåã Âåðíèê "ÐÑ" 's message, "Çàïðîøóþòüñÿ ðàäèêàëüí³ ä³â÷àòà íà 8 áåðåçíÿ..." on 03:31:41 03/02/03 Sun

Òðàâíåâèé Äåíü (May Day) ÿê äåíü ïðèõîäó âåñíè ïî÷àâ øèðîêî ñâÿòêóâàòèñÿ â ÑØÀ â 1886 ðîö³. ³í áóâ îðãàí³çîâàíèé ïðîôñï³ëêàìè òà ñîö³àë³ñòàìè, à ÷àñ éîãî ïðîâåäåííÿ ñï³âïàâ ç ï³êîì áîðîòüáè çà âîñüìèãîäèííèé ðîáî÷èé äåíü. Òàêå ñâÿòî äîïîìàãàëî îðãàí³çîâóâàòè âïëèâîâ³ âóëè÷í³ äåìîíñòðàö³¿ 1880-èõ.

Óñï³õ ñâÿòà â ÑØÀ çìóñèâ Ïåðøèé Êîíãðåñ Ñîö³àë³ñòè÷íîãî ²íòåðíàö³îíàëó (1889) âèçíàòè Òðàâíåâèé Äåíü ì³æíàðîäíèì ðîá³òíè÷èì ñâÿòîì. Ïî÷èíàþ÷è ç íàñòóïíîãî ðîêó ñâÿòî øèðîêî ñâÿòêóâàëîñÿ â ªâðîï³ òà â ÑØÀ.

Ìàéæå ÷åðàç äâàäöÿòü ðîê³â ñîö³àë³ñòè÷í³ ë³äåðè ÑØÀ òà ͳìå÷÷èíè ðîçïî÷àëè ñòâîðåííÿ Ƴíî÷îãî Äíÿ ç ìåòîþ ïðîïàãóâàííÿ ïðàâà æ³íîê ãîëîñóâàòè.  1906 ðîö³ Êëàðà Öåòê³í âèñòóïèëà íà ñîö³àë³ñòè÷í³é æ³íî÷³é êîíôåðåíö³¿ ç ïðîìîâîþ â ÿê³é âèñëîâëþâàëà íåîáõ³äí³ñòü æ³íî÷îãî ïðàâà ãîëîñó ÿê â³äì³ííîãî â³ä ðóõó ñåðåäíüîãî êëàñó. Îñê³ëüêè "áóðæóàçíèé æ³íî÷èé ðóõ" â ͳìå÷÷èí³ òà ªâðîï³ ï³äòðèìóâàâ îáìåæåíå ïðàâî ãîëîñó, îñíîâàíå íà ïðèâàòí³é âëàñíîñò³, "ïðîëåòàðñüê³ æ³íêè, â ðåçóëüòàò³, ìóñÿòü ïîêëàäàäèñÿ íà âëàñí³ ñèëè òà ñèëè ¿õíüîãî êëàñó äëÿ äîñÿãíåííÿ ïîâíèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ïðàâ". Ñîö³àë³ñòè÷íèé æ³íî÷èé ðóõ áóâ íåâåëèêèé â ͳìå÷÷èí³, òà óíèêàâ êîàë³ö³¿ ç æ³íî÷èì ðóõîì ñåðåíüîãî êëàñó.

 ÑØÀ æ³íî÷èé ðóõ áóâ ìåíø òåîðåòè÷íèì òà ïðàêòè÷í³øèì. Ðóõ ñåðåäíüîãî êëàñó ñòð³ìêî ðîçâèâàâñÿ òà âòÿãóâàâ ïðàöþþ÷èõ æ³íîê ÷åðåç îðãàíçàö³¿ íà çðàçîê ˳ãè гâíîãî Ïðàâà Ãîëîñó (Equal Suffrage League, çàñíîâàíà â Íüþ-Éîðêó â 1902) òà ˳ãè гâíîïðàâíîñò³ Ñàìî-Óòðèìóâàíèõ Ƴíîê (Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, çàñíîâàíà â Íüþ-Éîðêó â 1907). Âèáîð÷å ïðàâî â Àìåðèö³ íå îáìåæóâàëîñü â³äïîâ³äíî äî âëàñíîñò³, ÿê ó ªâðîï³. Ìîæëèâî òîìó æ³íî÷èé ðóõ òàì íå ï³äòðèìóâàâ îáìåæåíîãî ïðàâà ãîëîñó.  òàêèõ óìîâàõ ãðóïè ñîö³àë³ñò³â ñòâîðèëè Ƴíî÷èé Äåíü òà ñòàëè ë³äåðàìè â ïîì³æêëàñîâ³é êîàë³ö³¿ ÿêà âèñòóïàëà çà íàäàííÿ æ³ðêàì ïðàâà ãîëîñó.

 1908 ðîö³ Ñîö³àë³ñòè÷íà Ïàðò³ÿ ÑØÀ ñòâîðèëà Íàö³îíàëüíèé Ƴíî÷èé Êîì³òåò (Woman's National Committee). Îäíèì ç ïåðøèõ àêò³â Êîì³òåòó áóëî ïðîãîëîùåííÿ Íàö³îíàëüíîãî Ƴíî÷îãî Äíÿ (National Woman's Day) ÿêèé ìàâ ñâÿòêóâàòèñÿ â îñòàííþ íåä³ëþ ëþòîãî. Âïåðøå éîãî â³äñâÿòêóâàëè 23 ëþòîãî 1908 ðîêó.  íàñòóïí³ ðîêè â ñâÿòêóâàííÿõ ïðèéìàëè ó÷àñòü ñîö³àë³ñòè, ïðàöþþ÷³ æ³íêè òà ðåôîðìàòîðè ç ñåðåäíüîãî êëàñó.

Ïðîìîâö³ íà çàõîäàõ Ƴíî÷îãî Äíÿ ï³äòðèìóâàëè ïðàâà ïðàöþþ÷èõ æ³íîê. Ïðîòå Ëåîíîðà Î'Ðåéë³ (Leonora O'Reilly) - ë³äåð ˳ãè Ƴíî÷èõ Ïðîôñîþç³â (Women's Trade Union League) - íå áóëà ñîö³àë³ñòêîþ. Òåæ ìîæíà ñêàçàòè é ïðî Øàðëîò Ïåðê³íñ ¥³ëìàí (Charlotte Perkins Gilman) - ðåôîðìàòîðà ç ñåðåäíüîãî êëàñó ÿêà âèñòóïàëà íà çàõîäàõ 1915 ðîêó â Íüþ-Éîðêó. Õî÷ òàì ³ áóëà ïðèñóòíÿ ñîö³àë³ñòêà Òåðåçà Ìàëê³ë (Theresa Malkiel) ïðîòå áàãàòî ó÷àñíèê³â íàçèâàëè ñåáå ôåì³í³ñòàìè, ùî çàñâ³ä÷óº ïîñòóïîâèé ïåðåõ³ä â³ä êëàñîâèõ ïèòàíü äî ÷èñòî æ³íî÷èõ.

Äåÿê³ ñîö³àë³ñòêè áàæàëè âèêëþ÷èòè ïðåäñòàâíèê³â ñåðåäíüîãî êëàñó ç ñâÿòêóâàííÿ Ƴíî÷îãî Äíÿ òà ïåðåòâîðèòè îñòàíí³é â ÷èñòî ñîö³àë³ñòè÷íó ïîä³þ, îäíàê êîàë³ö³ÿ ïðàöþþ÷èõ æ³íîê ñåðåäíüîãî êëàñó çàâàäèëà òàêîìó ðîçâèòêó ïîä³é. Ñèëà êîàë³ö³¿ ïðîÿâèëàñü â 1909 ðîö³ ï³ä ÷àñ ñòðàéêó æ³íîê âèðîáíèê³â îäÿãó. Õî÷à êîàë³ö³ÿ âèéøëà äåùî îñëàáëåíîþ ï³ñëÿ ñòðàéêó, îäíàê ñàì ñòðàéê ïîêàçàâ ïîì³æêëàñîâó ïîë³òè÷íó êóëüòóðó ÿêà ³ñíóâàëà ñåðåä àìåðèêàíñüêèõ æ³íîê âèñòóïàþ÷èõ çà ïðàâî ãîëîñó.

 ͳìå÷÷èí³ â 1906 ðîö³ ç'ÿâèëîñÿ â³äîìå åññå Êëàðè Öåòê³í ÿêå áóëî íàëàøòîâàíå íà çàëó÷åííÿ ïðàöþþ÷èõ æ³íîê â ëàâè ñîö³àë³ñò³â. Îñê³ëüêè ëîÿëüíîñò³ Öåòê³í òà ¿¿ òîâàðèø³â íàëåæàëè âèêëþ÷íî ñîö³àë³çìó, òî âîíè â³äêèäàëè áóäü-ÿêó ìîæëèâ³ñòü ñï³âïðàö³ ç æ³íêàìè ñåðåäíüîãî êëàñó.

Ìîæëèâî ñàìå óñï³õ Íàö³îíàëüíîãî Ƴíî÷îãî Äíÿ â ÑØÀ çìóñèâ Öåòê³í òà ³íøèõ äåëåãàò³â Äðóãî¿ Ì³æíàðîäíî¿ Êîíôåðåíö³¿ Ñîö³àë³ñòè÷íèõ Ƴíîê (Second International Conference of Socialist Women) â Êîïåíãàãåí³ â 1910 ðîö³, "äîïîìîãòè â äîñÿãíåíí³ ïðàâà ãîëîñó æ³íêàìè". ̳æíàðîäíèé Ƴíî÷èé Äåíü áóâ ïëîäîì òàêèõ çóñèëü. Öåòê³í òà ³íø³ çàêëèêàëè "ñîö³àë³ñòè÷íèõ æ³íîê óñèõ êðà¿í ñâÿòêóâàòè Ƴíî÷èé Äåíü" òà äåêëàðóâàëè ì³æíàðîäíèé õàðàêòåò ñâÿòà. Ïåðøèé ̳äíàðîäíèé Ƴíî÷èé Äåíü ñâÿòêóâàâñÿ 19 áåðåçíÿ 1911 ðîêó (äåíü ïîâñòàííÿ â Ïðóñ³¿ â 1848).  1913 ðîö³ ̳æíàðîäíèé Ƴíî÷èé Äåíü ïî÷àëè ñâÿòêóâàòè â 8 áåðåçíÿ.



Ç ïîæâàâëåííÿì ôåì³í³çìó â 1970-õ, ̳æíàðîäíèé Ƴíî÷èé Äåíü íàáóâ á³ëüøå ôåì³í³ñòè÷íîãî çàáàðâëåííÿ, ìåíø ñîö³àë³ñòè÷íîãî çà õàðàêòåðîì.

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