Chapter 14: 1938-1945: The History of the United States of America -- School Reform

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Date Posted: 10:59:57 08/22/13 Thu
Author: edy
Author Host/IP: 199-195-168-213.southwestern-wireless.com / 199.195.168.213
Subject: Chapter 14: 1938-1945: The History of the United States of America

[A million years from today, two fellows met up in a Universe on the other side of creation, from the far flung Universe near us. �You look similar to people from my birth planet Earth�. ..�I am from Earth!� Absolutely stunned!, he couldn�t believe he met up with someone from earth! It�s amazing! �You�re from Malaysia you say! Well my goodness! I�m from U.S. � �You are! What a coincidence meeting you here! Just amazing. Hey come with me, we can chat a bit. That is so amazing we are from the same place like that. Just amazing. �Gosh it�s been a million years since I�ve seen earth; how about you? �Estimations won�t work here.� This whole thing is of course, spoken in the Universal language, -- the language we have to learn when we die.]

Chapter 14: 1938 - 1945 The History of the United States of America

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt wanted to purge the Democratic party of anyone who didn�t support his New Deal. As Hitler�s Germany already invaded the Rhineland; and Japan�s War Lords were believing colonialism is true, therefore so is world domination. Protecting the United States was in full gear; and these new work programs, were now being created to protect the U.S. from sinister forces: building airports, military highways, and barracks. 1939, the New Deal�s taxes on Corporations were erased, but replaced with a 19 percent tax on Corporations

The President failed to purge the party of those against his policies; but it did not matter so much now. 1940, running for a 3rd term, [he had already been president my mother�s �entire life� up to this point, -- born 1932], the Democratic Platform was to extend social security, create low cost housing, and government ownership of utilities. His vice presidential nominee was Secretary of Agriculture, Henry A. Wallace from Iowa, -- an ex Republican. Roosevelt stressed to the American public that we will stay out of war unless attacked.
The Republican nominee was Wendell L. Wilkie, president of the Commonwealth and Southern Utilities Co. Wilkie was a lawyer from New York, who had supported the New Deal, except, he thought it should have been different, as the New Deal had �shifting, contradictory and overlapping,�policies.�
Roosevelt won overwhelmingly: 449 electoral votes for Roosevelt, 82 for Wilkie.

1933, and the Soviet Union shared the same threat with the U.S.: Japan. The U.S. therefore, recognized the U.S.S.R. officially. �That same year, the Hawes-Cutting Act, ..Congress over rid the Presidents veto to keep Presidents Wilson�s promise to make the Philippines a free, independent nation. The Philippines however, did not want the U.S. Military bases promised in the deal, nor were they happy with the U.S. high tariffs.
The Tydings - McDuffle Act did agree to a gradual increase in tariffs on Philippines goods entering the United States, -- to help the Philippine economy.
Meanwhile, in Latin America, the �Good Neighbor Policy�. U.S. Relations with the dictatorships in the Western Hemisphere, kept the peace. Now, the Platt Amendment is cancelled; no more does U.S. have rights to interfere in Cuba; and a treaty, 1936, was signed with Panama. No longer does U.S. have rights to interfere in the Republic of the Isthmus.
1938, President Cardenas of Mexico decided to confiscate properties of all foreign oil companies. Roosevelt refused to intervene in this matter, and insisted that the U.S. companies negotiate directly with the Mexican Government. This worked, and by 1949,
the Mexican government had completed all of its payments on the American oil claims.
President Roosevelt, along with Secretary of State Cordell Hull, created the reciprocal tariff idea; which was enacted with the Trade Agreement Act of 1934. The most favored nations clause; for Roosevelt may now lower tariffs without approval from Congress, if another nation will do so also.

While all was peaceful in the Western Hemisphere, Europe and Asia were in extreme danger at this hour. Three vicious dictators joined together, 1936, pretending it was an alliance against communism; called the Axis powers. Japan had wanted colonial powers; and now the idea had gone amuck. The Japanese had a border skirmish, July 7, 1937, in China and Manchuria. Japan�s intent was to take over all of Asia. This �skirmish� began World War Two in the far east.
Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy in 1922. He wanted to control all of the Mediterranean and the Middle East. As Spain, Italy was an ally to Germany. Fascist Italy. �.Adolf Hitler became dictator over Germany in 1933; and then, he took over the Rhineland in 1936. While Mussolini had previously a year or more before, already had invaded Ethiopia.

1935. The Neutrality Act. 1. Can�t ship arms to belligerent nations. 2. The President can pronounce what commodity can be sold only on �cash and carry� basis. 3. Americans cannot travel on vessels of belligerent nations.

1937. The Panay Incident occurred. Japanese planes bombed a U.S. Gunboat, the Panay, and 3 American oil tankers on the Yangtze River in China. Japan apparently wasn�t ready for the U.S. to be at war, because the Japanese did apologize and promised not to do this again. As Hitler, pathological lying, is sociopath, were the Army Generals in Japan. �Germany takes over Austria, 1938, then Czechoslovakia, 1939, Poland, September of 1939. These three buddy nations, Roosevelt privately referred to as �armed banditry�, which is what they were. In consequence, they were very dangerous, not to be ignored. The Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes referred to Hitler as a maniac; as we know, that was an understatement. Sociopaths do not mediate, because their intent is to steal land for self aggrandizement sake, or rather for themselves. As they ridiculed Democracy as foolish; and decreed, the people are for the State, not the other way around, [or rather, for Hitler alone, or Mussolini alone, or the Generals of Japan, General Tomoyuki Jamashita, the �tiger of Malaya�, Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto, once a student from Harvard, [and who was the mastermind behind the Pearl Harbor attack], and General Hideki Tojo, First Japan War minister and prime minister.] The individual is worthless; not a sociopaths concern, this is for certain.

As Hitler had already written Mein Kampf, (While in prison after a failed coup. Although he came to power because his boss died and he then inherit�s the position of leader of Germany) . A nasty book, Mein Kampf, explaining his self hatred in terms so deep, that he pronounced his hatred for the Jewish people over and over, calling them rats. [He left behind this �utopian� city, building, which is truthfully the ugliest, scariest architecture, -- a bad prison meets the worst of ancient Rome architecture.]

The Final Solution, Hitler called it. To systematically murder every single Jewish person in Europe. The Jews were dangerous and dirty, his entire propaganda machine constantly reminded. When Hitler�s forces overtook Poland, 700 Jews were taken from a small town of Kolo and were gassed to death in 5 special trucks. 3,000 Polish Jews, were forced into synagogues and burnt alive. October 1939. Bodies were thrown into pits. The beginning of the Nazi programme of systematic genocide. No Jews in Germany: the aim.
The Jews were driven from homes, that had been in their families for generations. Who didn�t escape were thrown into concentration camps to starve and be massacred.
6,000,000 Jewish men, women, and children died. 300,000 Jewish people were saved by Allied Troops. Who were sickened, horrified to find these concentration camps. Allied Soldiers took photos of the pits of dead bodies, the survivors, the gross camps themselves. �Several thousand Jewish people were saved by non Jews who, at risk of their own safety, helped them escape.

[Philosophical facts shows us that God is all compassionate, loving. This is why, God will pull eternal consciousness out of their body, onward to heaven, the very moment it is certain, that there is no way out of being murdered. Leaving their live bodies behind. The survivors had to endure the camps; but fortunately, survived. God knows what will occur always, because he already knows what happens from beginning to end. God acts when he is able; but we are the physical arm of God, all of us, on planet Earth.]

1939, Mussolini invades Albania.

You would think these real estate takeovers would have frightened the citizens. However, the U.S. had been holding an isolationist view, believing keeping to ourselves would keep our nation out of wars. The people had their heads in the sand; but President Roosevelt knew we needed to be in this war; as every one on earth were threatened by these three madmen. �1938, the U.S. promised to protect Canada if attacked, and actually all the Western Hemisphere nations gathered, and promised to protect one another. Roosevelt is openly asking for increased funds for the military.

1939. The U.S.S.R. signed a nonaggression pact with Germany. With no �Russian Front�, Hitler attacks Poland, in this same year. In consequence, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. �The Soviets helped Hitler gain Poland; and then they split the spoils, half of Poland going to Germany, the other half to Soviet Union. Directly there after, the U.S.S.R. placed naval bases in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. After that, Finland refused to allow the Soviets to place military bases on their land; thus, the Soviets invaded, and took over Finland.

The U.S. altered the Neutrality Act so that we could help our allies, Britain and France.
As the Belligerent Nations better stay out of Western Hemisphere waters. The gathering delegates at the Panama Conference, created a safety zone around the Americas: 300 to a 1000 miles wide.

While Hitler�s 3rd Reich carried on his Blitzkrieg / �lightening war� against Poland, the French prepared for war. It took a while before Hitler turned his attention on to the rest of Western Europe, therefore, some joked it was a phony war.

April 9, 1940, Hitler began a siege, a Blitzkrieg upon western Europe. German bombers overran Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and northern France.
The British bravely evacuated their military personnel from the beaches of Dunkirk, [northern France on the Strait of Dover]. Although they made it out, they had to leave their equipment behind.

Hitler�s powerful navy and air forces, captured in one full sweep, all the above regions, and then forced France to sign a treaty handing governmental power of France over to Germany. The treaty was signed, June, 1940, in the exact spot where the treaty that ended World War I was signed. Marshal Petain became the German leader over the French government. As the �free French� under General Charles de Gaulle rallied part of the French colonial empire to fight against the Nazi�s.

The entirety of Western Europe was now under Fascist control. Now, Great Britain stood alone against Hitler�s occupied Europe. It had to have been overwhelmingly frightening. The odds to win against Hitler had to seem against them.
May 10, 1940 Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as prime minister.
During his campaign he promised that the British will Never surrender.

As prime minister, Churchill declared, �: If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free, and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the U.S., including all that we have known, and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a New Dark Age�., if the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still say, �This was their finest hour.�

The fierce dictatorship in Western Europe loomed over little Britain. August of 1940, Hitler�s fighters and bombers flew over Great Britain in high numbers. The invasion was intense, constant. The Royal Air force and Royal Navy fought, and held their own, in spite of the fact that they were very much outnumbered. Flying day and night, constantly, the royal Air Force shot down as many as 100 Nazi bombers in a 24 hour period. �By October, 2 months later, Hitler�s navy air chiefs told him that it would be suicidal to continue; so he postponed �Operation Sea Lion� until spring.

As this long constant bombing raid ensued, Roosevelt announced that the U.S. transferred over to Britain, 50 over aged American destroyers. Britain gave the U.S. the right to lease land for naval and air bases in the Bahamas, Jamaica, Trinidad, and other places. However, Britain gave as a gift, these rights in Newfoundland and Bermuda. ��Gifts, generously given and gladly received.�

The Alien Registration Act, {Smith Act], makes it illegal for any person or group in the United States to advocate overthrow of the government. �The Act of Havana, ..if any Latin American country is attacked by belligerents, every country in the region will help defend that country. Prime Minister of Canada, Mackenzie King and President Roosevelt created the Joint Board on Defense for the northern part of America. �.Burke-Wadsworth Act, passed Sept. 1940, created the draft for men 21 to 35 years of age.

Great Britain meanwhile, had to pay cash for their military needs, and this was fixing to be impossible; thus, Roosevelt, in his Annual message to Congress, at one of his famous fire-side chats on Radio, proposed the �lend-lease� program. This way, Britain won�t need cash, and we can help.
One would think a fascist Europe would have scared everyone to realize that the U.S. will have to enter this war; but there were still people out there who wanted to prevent war at all costs. In consequence, there was a �storm of controversy� over this idea. However, 1941, in March, Congress appropriated $7,000,000,000 for ships, planes, tanks, whatever was needed for our allies.

June 22, 1941, in spite of a signed nonaggression act, Hitler invades Soviet Union anyway.
The U.S. extended the �Lend-Lease� program to the Soviets.

By Spring of 1941, German and Italian submarines were destroying ship after ship in the Atlantic. So the U.S. Navy vessels trailed after enemy submarines, radioing Britain as to their exact locations. �By July, U.S. troops occupied Iceland, so that Germany cannot do so. �.Sept. 1941, the U.S. ordered war ships to �shoot on sight� enemy warships who were in the �safety zone� created at the Panama Conference.
Then the U.S. began a convoy of ships, far as Iceland, so that merchant ships will be able to cross the Atlantic. November, no more Neutrality Act, as now, U.S. Merchant ships armed with navy gun crews can enter combat areas.

August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met on a heavily guarded war ship off the Newfoundland coast. They created the Atlantic Charter: �Common principles�, for good men to build a lasting peace and a better world, free of aggression.

July 1941, the Japanese occupy Indo-China. Roosevelt immediately froze all Japanese assets in the U.S., and an embargo was placed on shipment of gas, machine tools, scrap iron, steal; none of these commodities can go to Japan. The response was tit for tat, as Japan simply did the same thing. Trade between the two countries ceased completely. The U.S. sent a mission to China to see about a lend lease program there.

Japan sent a peace mission to the U.S., November 1941, demanding the U.S. unfreeze their assets, send gasoline, and cut off all aid to China. For two weeks negotiations went on; and the Japanese said that the Americans clung to �impractical principles� and had failed �to display in the slightest degree a spirit of conciliation.� They said this December 7, 1941 after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, early that morning.

The United States lost 2,000 people during the attack upon Pearl Harbor. 2,000 more were wounded. As almost all of the U.S. planes at Pearl Harbor were destroyed, along with 8 battleships, and other losses. �That same day, Japan attacked Wake, Midway, Guam, and the Philippines, along with other U.S. bases. [It is said that MacArthur had time to attack Japanese airbases in Formosa and Indo-China, before the Pearl Harbor attack, -- as the Japanese had been delayed by weather. (It is said; therefore, he should have.) [2]]

Everyone declared war in Congress, [except one guy in the Senate]. Everyone knew war can not be avoided. �Officially, December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared that a state of war with the U.S. existed. Then Congress officially declared war. As did, U.S. allies.

The U.S. offensive power in the Pacific had been wiped out. 3 days later Japan destroyed 2 of Britain�s most powerful warships, the Repulse and the Prince of Wales. �By the end of 1941, Japan seized Guam, Wake island, and Hong Kong, a British colony. �Then Japan launched attacks against Thailand, British Malaya, the U.S. controlled Philippines and Midway.

January 2, 1942, Japanese troops took over the Capital of the Philippines; January 11, they took over Borneo and the Dutch colony of Celebes, in the Netherlands Indies. February 15, the Japanese overran the British naval base at Singapore. �.The Battle of the Java Sea, the United States, Great Britain, the Dutch and Australian warships, fought the Japanese. The Allies lost. A number of cruisers and destroyers were lost.

While the German and Italian U.S. citizens were left to be, the Japanese Americans in the United States were given exactly 48 hours to sell their homes, farms, and businesses. Then they were sent to 10 primitive detention camps in desolate regions. Every family was assigned a 20 by 25 foot room to call home. They lived in these conditions throughout the war. Their young men were drafted. The Japanese, to be treated like this, proves that the gross prejudice already existing within the U.S. mentality, citizens who were bigots anyway, for whom approved of the Jim Crow laws. On top of this, the U.S. propaganda really made the Japanese seem more like robots then people. Fear of an alien, far away different people. 1988 Congress passed a bill apologizing to the Japanese Americans who were stolen from and held without even committing a crime. Just for being. A �Fundamental injustice.� Every survivor was granted $20,000 tax-free payment, -- although, this is hardly enough, to compensate such extreme injustice, [as the U.S. Supreme Court should give the U.S. government 48 hours to pay them back in full.]

At the Philippines, a small force of U.S. Troops under General Douglas MacArthur persevered, seemingly, without hope, resisting the invading Japanese. 2 out of 3 supply ships who were relieving MacArthur�s troops were destroyed on the way there. �General MacArthur�s troops retreated to the Bataan Peninsula when the city, Manila, in the Philippines, surrendered to the Japanese, January of 1942. �.In March, General MacArthur was personally ordered to Australia, to take command over the Allied forces in the South Pacific. �..The soldiers at Bataan still fighting, never sleeping, sick, and hungry, were captured by the Japanese April 9th. On May 6th, the outnumbered troops on the fortress of Corregidor guarding Manila Bay had to surrender.

It is said that when MacArthur was ordered to leave for Australia from the Bataan Peninsula, his journey was perilous, very dangerous. His wife and daughter were with him on this journey. ..When MacArthur arrived in Australia, he said about the Philippines, ��I Shall Return. And he does. Some say that at Bataan, logistics let him down, when insufficient supplies were there. �Written by an Allied soldier captured at Bataan, inside a Japanese Prisoner of War Camp about MacArthur: �Let him go, let him go, we are the brave ones. Stain his hands with our blood, dye them forever. Recall, oh ye Kinsmen, how he left us to die, starved and insulted by his infamous lie,�.� [2]

The Japanese destroyed the Burma road, destroying the last land route between the outside world and China.

End of May, 1942, the Japanese had captured all the above mentioned territories, and they were now ready to attack India and Australia.

May 1942, Carrier-based British-American naval force caught a Japanese fleet moving south in the Coral Sea. There, they sank 30 Japanese war ships.

June 1942, in an attempt to take over the United States mainland, the Japanese launched a 2-pronged sea-borne attack on the Aleutian Islands and Hawaii. First the U.S. prevented the overtaking of Hawaii; however, the Japanese did overtake the Aleutian islands. Afterward, the U.S. fought in a major battle off the island of Midway, and won.

August 7, 1942, U.S. troops stormed ashore at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Four days of fighting and Japan sank 4 heavy cruisers. [3 U.S. ships, 1 Australian ship]. These losses were devastating. � Meanwhile, for 4 months, American marines and army, held their own around Guadalcanal�s airport, [Henderson Field]. They were attacked by air, sea, and from the jungle. �.November, 1942, Japan fought to regain the Solomon islands, -- as they cannot attack Australia until they do. �November 12th to the 17th, Admiral William F. Halsey intercepted a huge Japanese fleet of warships and transports; and then entered in to, a fierce battle, and destroyed them. Guadalcanal was finally secured.

1942, German and Italian submarines lurked off the east coast of the U.S. [Near New York City.] As they lurked all along the sea routes to England. �The Atlantic had a swarm of axis power submarines and ships, everywhere. Flaming wreckage was strewn all over the Atlantic.

Meanwhile Germany rained terror down upon Great Britain from the skies. Battered constantly by bombers, it seemed Britain will not be able to hold onto their country unless reinforcements arrive in a hurry. Industry, farm country, destroyed in Britain; as this was the case as well, in the Soviet Union. The Ukraine was turned into smoking rubble, -- partially due to Soviet soldiers who had the scorched earth policy when retreating, so that Germany will gain nothing. �The Nazi military forces, overran the oil fields of the Caucasus�s and into the outskirts of Stalingrad, on the Volga River. �In the Mediterranean, Axis forces were winning. Greece, the Greek Island of Crete, and North Africa were under Fascist/Axis control. So now, Britain could not use the Suez Canal.

Citizens all over Europe, Greece, were starving.

1942, in the fall, the German Afrika Korps under General Erwin Rommel entered Egypt, to take control, [is also, control of the oil fields.] Then British General Law Montgomery caught Rommel�s forces by surprise, and Rommel had to retreat back across the desert.

�For 3 years, we have been trying to plug holes all over the world. Now, thank god that day is over.� General Montgomery told his troops before the battle at El Alamein, Egypt.

November 8, a huge invasion led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed one thousand British, Canadian, and U.S. troops on the northern coast of Africa.

November 19, the Soviets encircled the Nazi�s at Stalingrad. After several weeks defending their city bravely, the Soviets forced the Germans at Stalingrad to surrender.

�This is not the end�, said Churchill, �It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.� �..It was in all reality, the beginning of the end.

January first, 1942,� 26 Allied Nations issued a joint declaration, referring to themselves as the United Nations. 1. Promised full cooperation with one another. 2. Agreed not to make a separate peace, [tends to leave people out]. 3. Endorsed the war aims outlined in the Atlantic Charter.

The recent military successes had everything to do with U.S. war materials. ..The Lend Lease Aid reached more then 50,000,000,000 dollars. 25% went to the U.S.S.R., and smaller amounts to other countries. However, the U.S. gained 8,000,000,000 dollars worth of services.

By 1942, the tide had turned; and although the Axis powers seemed to have control over all of Europe, it was hardly a secured Axis region. �..As for the Allies, China, and other far east countries, they were not glad that concentrating on being rid of Hitler came first. [General MacArthur didn�t like this either.] Yet, how could they hardly not fight who is in your personal yard the most. They had to, if they are to win.

Meanwhile, due to the war, the U.S. was feeding all her allies. Production was soaring.
There was a 75% increased production then in peacetime. �Salaries were good, due to Roosevelt�s previous actions; full employment occurred because of the war itself.
To pay for the war: 1/3 was paid in taxation. The rest was borrowed. Selling huge issues of bonds. Debt in 1941 was $49,000,000,000; in 1945, $259,000,000,000. They spent in one month more money then the entire Civil War cost.

To control Government production: Office of War Mobilization [OWM]. The OWM board dealt directly with citizens. �..During WW1 demand so exceeded supply that prices sky rocketed and poor people suffered. Price controls were placed in to prevent this. Following Europe�s example, the Office of Price Administration (OPA), was created to establish price ceilings. They handed out ration books for gas, shoes, coffee, sugar, oils, meat, butter, canned food. In spite of these efforts, prices still rose 30% by 1944.

The Labor Unions could not strike during the war, but Roosevelt bargained a fifteen percent wage increase, due to the inflation; however, he froze wages. The Unions were okay at first, but as inflation rose, some striking did occur. Roosevelt helped to settle those disputes quickly.

Churchill said we must get to the �soft underbelly� of the Axis.

When General Montgomery broke through Rommel�s forces at el Almein, Egypt, they continued onward, and the German troops had to pull back to Tunisia and Algeria.
As General Eisenhower�s forces landed on the French Moroccan and Algerian coasts. Largest forces then ever before!
The German�s lost the French areas in North Africa. They fought fiercely, and, the Allies now had their planes and naval units cut off from their supply lines coming from Italy. �.As General Montgomery�s armies drove west; Eisenhower�s forces drove east.
The German and Italian troops surrendered in Tunisia, May 1943. 25,000 Axis Troops were captured in North Africa. The United Nation forces now had control of the whole Mediterranean, thus control of the Suez canal. Allied air bases, in North Africa.

The Allies bombarded Sicily and Italy with bombs. July 1943, the British, Canadian, and U.S. Troops landed in Sicily. There was very little resistance. The German troops there were greatly outnumbered.

July 1943, the British Eighth Army landed on the southern coast of Italy. September, the Italian government surrendered. The following day the Allies invaded Salerno. But all was not well. German Troops rolled into Italy to help; and this is why the Italy campaign was the longest one in the war. �.October first, Naples was under the Allied command of General Mark W. Clark. But for months, Allied Troops could not get past Cassino.
To stop the Germans, Allied Forces landed behind German Troops on Anzio beaches, Jan. 22, 1944, at Cassino, (25 miles from Rome). German�s fought so hard; therefore, it wasn�t until June 4th when Allied forces finally overtook Rome.
Troops from all of the United Nations fought in these battles in Italy. [A Jewish
Brigade from Palestine, Arab troops, Moroccan, Poles, Brazilians, et cetera.] �.Fighting persisted in Italy up to the end of the war.

General George Patton was a 2-Star General who fought in the North African campaign, as Commander of the Western Task Force. In Sicily, his highly trained forces daringly overtook Palermo and arrived in Messina before the British. However, before the battles ensued, Patton delivered an inflammatory speech which is said to have contributed to the Biscardi Massacre. Also, on two other occasions he verbally abused and slapped combat weary soldiers, (to get them going). This caught public attention; and he nearly was fired. Fortunately, General Eisenhower saved him by saying we simply need him for this war effort we are undertaking.

Southern Italy however, was now the new stronghold for the Allies. Thus, it is easier to bomb southern Germany and the oil rich German held Balkans.

Meanwhile, Hitler had to withdraw some Troops on the Russian Front so that they could go fight in Italy. This helped the Soviets gain back large stretches of farm land, in the Ukraine. Hitler had to put troops back on the Russian Front because of these losses; and when he did the Soviets called for a �second front� in Europe.
�All the ally successes were very much due to the fact that they had control of not only the Mediterranean, but the Atlantic as well. As radar, and other devices to detect submarines and planes came about. 1942, the Axis sank 585 Allied ships. 1942, the Axis sank 110 ships. By the end of 1943, the Atlantic had been won by our Allies.

Early 1945, Allied forces began to bomb Germany. Equipped with new Norden bombsight equipment, bomber planes could now target a single factory. �By day, the U.S. Air Force bombed factories in Germany. The Royal Air Force bombed industrial cities by night. The Bombers also helped Soviet Armies rid of the Nazi�s on their soil.

June 1944, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, now Supreme Commander of the Allied invasion Armies in Western Europe, decided to attack in �Operation Overlord�. 11,000 planes flew in. Some dropped air-borne troops at key points inland, inside Fascist ruled France. Other Allied bombers attacked roads, bridges, railway junctions, and German Troops. As Allied bomber planes protected a fleet of 4,000 Troop Transports, landing crafts, and war ships crossing the English Channel to the Normandy Beaches. [Eating popcorn here.]

The Germans had long prepared for attack. They had heavy artillery and machine guns reinforced in concrete pillboxes. Barbed wire and tank tarps lined in the water and on the shore of the beaches. �.Bridges, roads, destroyed, the Germans couldn�t move. Allied naval guns made it impossible for the German Air Force to even go in the air. The Nazi�s were pinned down and out numbered.

Allied tank forces ripped directly through German defenses, and then fanned out behind German lines. Aided by the French Resistance, the Allies overran the countryside. Paris fell to the Allies August 25, 1944. With 2,000,000 men and 500,000 motor vehicles in France, and millions of tons of munitions and supplies.
The U.S. 7th Army landed on the southern coast of France, and pushed quickly up the Rhone Valley, to join the Allied troops in Normandy. The combined forces then headed toward Germany.
Within 6 months after D-Day [landing at Normandy], France was liberated. The Allies rolled into the outer defenses of Germany�s Siegfried Line. Troops halted attacks there, so that the Allies could open new ports, wait for supplies, and simply regroup. �Field Marshal Von Rundstedt knew, as he chose that very moment to counter attack.
His armed forces did break through at one weak point in the Allied Line, -- a bulge they called it. The Battle of the Bulge commenced. Reinforcements were rushed in, and the Allied Lines held. Rundstedt�s Troops were shattered and now behind the Siegfried Line.

General Patton�s Troops arrived at the West Wall which guarded the German Border. Then he captured Metz. Three days later the Germans launched their Ardennes campaign which is when it is said Patton�s Army executed the most remarkable military movements in Military history. Disrupting German advance. He became 4-Star General April 1945.

Allied forces were again ready, February of 1945. The air forces continued to bomb industrial areas, military bases, and transportation access. �.March, Allies crossed the Rhine and encircled Nazi troops. Meanwhile, the Soviet Troops drove the German�s out of the Ukraine, and had overtaken Rumania and Hungary. They were closing in on the Nazi�s from the south and east. Russian and U.S. forces met up at Torgau on the Elbe River. Here by orders of the Allied Supreme Command, the advance halted.

April 1945, the terrible dictator Mussolini and his mistress were shot to death by Italian partisans. He was then hung upside down like meat in a public square in Milan.

May 1, Hitler took his own life. May 2, Soviets fought their way into the last stronghold in Berlin. 1,000,000 German, Italian, and Austrian soldiers surrendered.
Germany was in smoldering ruins, and in complete chaos. A week later the Nazi�s in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany stopped fighting. May 7th, the German High Command surrendered, officially, May 8, 1945. V.E. Day, the formal end to the War in Europe.

September 1945, while military governor of Bavaria, Patton publicly recommended Nazi Party members should be allowed administrative jobs. General Patton was relieved of command.

By 1944, Mac Arthur earned a 5th Star, and was now in command over all U.S. Army in the Pacific. Mac Arthur was irked that Roosevelt was concentrating the most, on overtaking Germany. And he didn�t care for his liberal views either.

The Japanese still hold on to all these islands, so much so, the threat that they could attack Alaska was here. Island hopping to fight and overtake now. {This idea of island hopping, was Mac Arthur�s. Instead of endanger lives by going directly to Japan, less casualties will occur to hit all the islands on the way, -- has no enemy behind you.}

1944, the Presidential elections were held as usual. Thomas E. Dewey, Governor of New York [known for successfully prosecuting racketeers in New York], became the Republican candidate. Roosevelt ran for a 4th term. �.War needs the same man who is president to continue to be. Thus Roosevelt won 432 electoral votes to Dewey�s 99 votes.

President Roosevelt died one month before the war in Europe was over, at the �Little Whitehouse� in Warm Springs, Georgia. For 3 days, radio stations in the U.S. cancelled regular programming in tribute to the President�s passing.

Vice-President Harry S Truman from Missouri, was now the new president.

1943, the over all strategy was directed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. He called for air, land, and naval forces to strike westward towards Japanese held islands in the Central Pacific��.A 2 action plan. Admiral Halsey�s troops were to drive the Japanese out of the Solomon Islands, and General Mac Arthur had his troops along the New Guinea coast and then onto the Philippines. Destination: Japan. �.U.S. and Australian Troops fought up the New Guinea coast, capturing Salamua, Lae, and Finschhafen, as most of New Guinea. Before 1943. Now, it will be a spell before the Japanese retreat at all. And all fighting in the jungles were horrendous; no prisoners by the Japanese were taken.

In the Central Pacific, Admiral Nimitz�s fleet moved into the Gilbert Islands. Marines seized control of Tarawa with fierce fighting, and then took Makin with relative ease. As Japanese troops had to leave the Aleutian strongholds of Au and Kiska, which made Alaska safe. �The tides were turned in that the Japanese will never again make advances, although they will retreat. And as they do, Allied bases will move all that much closer to Japan. Except, thus far, no more advances will occur until January 31, 1944, when Allies struck against the Marshall Islands. They seized Kwajalein, a key Japanese controlled area in the Marshalls. 3 weeks later, they captured Eniwetok. A strong force of B-24 bombers blasted Truk in the Carolinas, also key to Japanese control of the Southwest and Central Pacific. �.General MacArthur�s Troops then advanced up the New Guinea coast, seizing Hollandia. By July all of New Guinea was captured. Japanese troops were to surrender or be left to starve. �.June 1944, task force raids and swift strikes by carrier based planes pinned down Japanese air and naval forces. Allied Troops hammered Saipan and Guam in the Mariana Islands. �Then, protected by air and naval forces, landing craft swept upon the beaches. [After returning to the Philippines MacArthur sent forces to capture central and southern Philippines without instructions to do so. Some say that these islands had no strategic value. [2]]

From the Philippines, the Japanese sent out a storm of planes. They lost 400 of them, as this time, it was the Allied forces who were overwhelmingly everywhere. ..The Japanese retreated with a huge loss of life.

Spring of 1945, the European chapter of the war was over, and all forces could concentrate upon the Japanese. The Allies plummeted a huge torrent of firebombs at territories near Japan.

President Truman, Stalin, and Clement Attlee, the new British Prime Minister all met at Potsdam Germany to divide the spoils. To discuss what to do about Japan. They gave Japan an ultimatum to unconditionally surrender, [as unconditional surrender was all that was ever demanded in this war]. Japan rejected this ultimatum officially on July 27, 1945.

The Allies knew they had the atomic bomb.

1945, one plane flew over Hiroshima. An atomic blast killed at least 100,000 Japanese civilians initially, in a city of 250,000, -- who probably all died from illness. Still the Japanese General would not surrender. August 8th, Soviet Union declared war upon Japan. The next day, a second bomb destroyed Nagasaki. August 10th, the Japanese asked for peace. President Truman felt that the atomic bomb would thousands of soldier�s lives.

President Truman announced by radio that Japan had accepted Allied Peace terms. The formal surrender signed, September 2, 1945.

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Re: Chapter 14: 1938-1945: The History of the United States of America -- points, 11:03:21 08/22/13 Thu