Chapter 11: 1893-1909: The History of the United States of America -- School Reform

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Date Posted: 11:30:45 08/22/13 Thu
Author: edy
Author Host/IP: 199-195-168-213.southwestern-wireless.com / 199.195.168.213
Subject: Chapter 11: 1893-1909: The History of the United States of America

*Crazy Horse, [whose name was actually �His Horse Is Crazy�], was chief of the Oglala Sioux. He joined Sitting Bull when the Dakota went to war in 1875, for the sake of resisting white gold miners who were entering into their territory in the Black Hills. [He also led his men in battle at Custer�s last stand.] He was imprisoned, and then murdered in 1887, when he attempted to escape. �.Sitting Bull, born 1834, was a Hunkpapa Sioux, and leader at Custer�s Last Stand, as well. Sitting Bull fought the white man pretty much non stop from 1869, to 1876. He left, with many from his tribe to Canada. 1881, he had to surrender, and they all ended up on a reservation. He was killed by Indian police on December 15, 1890, when they claimed he resisted arrest. �The Southern Sioux, the Iowa Indians were forced to cede their lands as early as 1824. The Kansas, Missouri, and Omaha, all tribes. The Osage Tribe had been placed on a reservation in Oklahoma; and oil is discovered. A bit of bad new for the U.S. government, who now paid the Osage Tribe $8,562,690 for the land, in 1906. �.Osceola was a Chief of the Seminole Indians from Florida. Osceola had been fighting in the Florida Everglades. In the guise of peace negotiations, they knocked him over the head, bound him, and threw him into a dungeon. It is said this action by the U.S. government was condemned through out the country. Regardless, Osceola died as a prisoner at Fort Moultrie, Florida, January, 1838.[a]

*��And so, at last, our fathers were steadily driven out, or killed, and we, their sons, but sorry remnants of tribes once mighty, are cornered in little spots of the earth, all ours by right --cornered like guilty prisoners and watched by men with guns who are more than anxious to kill us off.� Said Chief Washakie, Shoshoni, at a conference. [a]

*�We will take up the ball of the revolution,� independence of the masses.� [zinn]

Chapter 11: 1893 - 1909: History of the United States of America

By 1893, there are so many stories through out the last 150 years, concerning poor men fighting for their rights. Rent wars, literally; sheriff�s were tarred and feathered for attempting to collect rents. One episode had an army of poor people entering a playhouse objecting to the aristocratic [�I am better�] bunch, who were in attendance. And of course, during the rent wars of 1839, in the Hudson Valley, NY, they dressed as Indians. However, rent wars are an ongoing theme; as sporadic violence occurred again during the 1860�s; a sheriff was killed in the 1880�s., for the same reason. In 1845, they were swell, in New York, to give up the Serf / Feudal system. Finally. �This discusses the violence; non violent actions through out the entire century were occurring for economic justice. �.In New York City, no sewer system for the poor neighborhoods: Typhoid Fever in 1877, Typhus, 1842, Cholera, 1832; the rich fled the big city; the poor died.

Europe had been practicing imperialism, colonization, longer then the United States has been a country. �The Influence of Sea Power Upon History�, was written by a fellow named Alfred Mahan. 1890. He reminded everyone that sea power is important, and colonies will secure fueling stations, as well as make us rich with raw materials.
Why, the idea of colonization, is how to keep up with Europe. This is why there wasn�t much opposition to the idea of taking over countries that are either nomadic, or simply have an unstable government. The United States began to rebuild its navy.

Meanwhile, Cuba and Puerto Rico were the only nations Spain still had control over in the Western Hemisphere. The Cubans were paid almost nothing, while the Spanish owners live in extreme luxury. 1890, and the McKinley Tariff made Cuban sugar duty free. This was great until the Wilson - Gorman Tariff Act placed a 40% duty on all raw sugar. The plantations in Cuba began to close down; thousands of people lost their jobs. Cuban revolutionaries reacted by killing, burning, and pillaging. Spain reacted by throwing everyone under revolutionary control into concentration camps.

Some people in the United States were already wanting war to be rid of the Spaniards, who do not belong in the western hemisphere at all. While, newspapers supported colonialism, as business men already, were investing in Cuban plantations. February 9, 1898. A private letter the Spanish Minister had written, was stolen for tabloid profit, -- the yellow press, they called it. This letter was printed. The Minister said, McKinley was a �would be politician�. The American people (probably ignored this, even cared less), but were said to have figured that all the Spaniards feel this way. �.Then, in Cuba, the U.S. battleship Maine blew up, killing 250 crewmen. No one knew why, and the Spaniards were fair to care, as were the Cubans, but the people in the U.S. felt sinister forces did this. They wanted justice. But President McKinley did want to avoid war. Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, complained McKinley �has no more backbone then a chocolate �clair.�

[What the American people �think�: is usually what the press only, thinks; or, at best, what the press said to manipulate the American people, for whom would never ever be for colonialism by the U.S. either, if properly educated.]

Finally, President McKinley gave Spain an ultimatum regarding Cuba, for the sake of freeing the Cubans, -- the official line. Spain must grant armistice for the revolutionaries, and must close down the concentration camp. Spain agreed. So what, right? Because McKinley declared war on Spain anyway.

As all self respecting wars? A war in Cuba has the first shots ringing out in the Manila harbor?, the Capital of the Philippines. The war began, and future president Teddy Roosevelt volunteered with many others, and became one of the �Rough Riders�.
The first battle in the Manila harbor was easily won by the United States; and then they armed revolutionaries on the mainland and waited for reinforcements. When U.S. reinforcements came: war over in the Philippines. �..Spain sent a ship to Cuba to fight for the right; well, it is said they didn�t think they could win; so the ship snuck into Santiago�s harbor to refuel; however, when they tried to sneak out, and make a dash for it, they were caught, and the Spanish lost. �On land, the United States armies chased the Cuban�s through El Caney and across San Juan Hill. Afterward, they moved on to Santiago. General Ramon Blanco surrendered on July 17.

The United States gained spoils, although it was said they were only freeing the oppressed Cubans. To the U.S.: Puerto Rico, [which had been occupied without any need for fighting], Guam, and the Philippines, -- as the U.S. also controls the Wake Islands.

So now, the United States is an official colonial power.

Not so fast. Seems the Philippines did not wish to be a United States colony. They fought the U.S. for 4 years, -- a war costing $175,000,000 and at least as many lives as the Spanish American War had lost. And while the war of the �Rough Riders� was named the Spanish American War, the Philippines is not in the Western Hemisphere. The godsend was, as always occurs when you get your way, when you are wrong to have your way: Once you get your way, you see you are truly wrong. Opposition to colonialism in the U.S. fortunately took hold.

Fortunately, the United States took a better attitude, as they promised the Philippines self rule. By 1916, the Philippine Congress was in full control. The U.S. built railroads, Telegraph lines, Telephone lines, and created education. And soon, the U.S. will keep its promise to free Philippines of any rule but their own.

Meanwhile, foreign businessmen, including Americans tried to overthrow the Hawaiian government ruled by Queen Liliuokalani. The American navy had been used for this overthrow, and the American people were not so happy. Many didn�t wish for colonization of any kind anymore, because, for one, it is too expensive. �.President Cleveland held an investigation. It became clear that this revolution had begun by American businessmen, and the American Minister, who brought in the marines. Cleveland wanted to restore the Queen to her thrown, but the U.S. now would have to fight this new government, to make that occur. So do nothing was what the U.S. could do. Congress adopted a resolution stating no more interference with Hawaii.
Well, this all occurred before the Spanish American War. Then, the United States changed its mind and annexed Hawaii as a Territory of the United States. The U.S. also acquired as a colony, Samoa.

John Hay, Secretary of State, created the �Open Door� policy for China. This only meant equal railroad, harbor, and tariff rates.

The Chinese wanted all the foreign devils to leave. The Chinese warriors were referred to as the Boxers, in the U.S. �1900, and the Boxers attacked and killed 300 foreigners. American Troops, 2500 strong, along with other foreign troops came to the rescue, although 65 of the besieged people were killed. �The Boxer Rebellion was a great excuse to seize more land from the Chinese. However John Hay would not allow this. In consequence, China did not lose any territory, although China did pay $333,000,000 to the U.S. as an indemnity, [compensation for loss]. The American�s portion of that money did go to who lost property, and the remainder of the money was sent back to China. In turn, China put this money towards an education fund for educating Chinese students in the United States.

Japan meanwhile, had embraced the new industrialized world, and by 1868, those in power turned Japan into an industrial power, embracing all that the most modern technology could offer them in industry, medicine and so on. By 1900, the Japanese as well wanted their own colonies. To make this happen, 1904, Russia and Japan began to fight over Manchurian and Korean territory; the battles at land and at sea were in China, and were most annoying to businessmen. President Roosevelt warned Germany and France that the U.S. will side with Japan if they give aid to Russia. �So they met in peace talks at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. President Roosevelt persuaded Russia to cede its territory in these regions over to Japan. However Japan had to let go of the cash indemnity they wanted. They agreed, and signed the Treaty of Portsmouth. Theodore Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for this.

Does the Constitution follow the flag? The Supreme Court answered this question with the Insular Cases, which were a series of decisions based on the �unincorporated� and �incorporated� idea. Hawaii and Alaska were to become a state; incorporated has the constitution following you. Unincorporated colonial regions still have their fundamental rights however.

Puerto Ricans were discontented; they demanded a larger voice in government. Well, the people of the Philippines had won in 1916, U.S. Territory status, thus American citizenship; so, 1917, the Puerto Ricans were given the same. The Philippines will end up with their true independence; but Puerto Rico was given their complete freedom not until 1950. �.In Cuba, U.S. Troops did take over for 3 years, until the 1901 Platt Amendment. They were given independence with the stipulation that Cuba must never enter into agreements with foreign governments, must not incur debts they cannot pay in a reasonable time, [whoa], the U.S. will intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, and the U.S. may place naval bases in Cuba. [The Platt Agreement was cancelled in 1934; no more role of protector.]

By 1897, everyone was tired of sailing all the way around South America just to get to the other ocean. The Panama Canal idea had already been born, [the French gave up on it, -- yellow fever alone, made their situation bad], but the U.S. decided they wanted to build it alone, instead of with the British. So the British withdrew their rights. �.As it was understood that all nations will have equal rights to use the canal, and would remain neutral during a time of war. Once the U.S. decided exactly where they wanted the canal, they ultimately were given a 99 year lease for the land surrounding the canal, and the U.S. must pay for this province of Panama, $10,000,000 to the Columbians, and a yearly rental of $250,000. The Columbian government however, went home without deciding one way or the other to approve this Act. This made President Roosevelt mad.
�.Although, it just so happened to be, that the Panamanians felt they would be at and on the cross roads of commerce, first of all, and secondly, they were tired of Columbia�s rule.
Panamanian revolutionists captured Columbian Generals. And with no true force needed, the revolutionists took over the city of Panama. Meanwhile, in the city of Colon, Columbian soldiers were threatening to kill every American. Around that time, the U.S. Marines pulled in. Ultimately, the United States had a far more powerful force, and the Columbians went home. They were partially compensated by the U.S. $25,000,000.
Panama became its own country and agrees to lease the area around the canal out to the U.S. for $10,000,000 and a yearly rental of $250,000. The canal was completed by 1914, costing around $400,000,000. Many workers died of malaria or yellow fever.

The Monroe doctrine all those many years before was still being used as to why, 1, Napoleon 111 of France, who had thought he could reoccupy Mexico, couldn�t; 2, when the British and Venezuela bickered over territory, the U.S. made it most known to arbitrate, or the British must get out. Only the U.S. can handle western hemisphere affairs. And all was fine so far; except now, the United States was beginning to behave as if the United States Is the western hemisphere. �..Thus, Latin American leaders were becoming alarmed. Venezuela created the Draco doctrine in response: no country, European nor American, can use force to collect their debts from any Latin American country. If you lend money, is at your own risk.

Roosevelt responded with the Roosevelt Corollary. �.When European countries threatened force to collect on debts, Roosevelt said only the U.S. can interfere in the Western Hemisphere.

1905, Roosevelt puts his Corollary into action. The Dominican Republic owed money to countries; so Roosevelt promised them that the U.S. will protect them militarily; however, an American agent collected tariff duties to help pay off the Dominican Republic foreign debts. �.By 1916, fed up with U.S. interference, the Dominican Republic announced they were ending this deal; and the U.S. simply invaded the country, and held military dictatorship control over the Dominican Republic until 1924. �.When revolution shook Haiti in 1914, the U.S. stormed right in, straight to the bank to get their money; and then took over military dictatorship control.

Back home, in 1893, the industrial revolution created a country that was beginning to look familiar to our modern world: with great high rises, department catalog houses, such as Montgomery Ward, Marshal Field, and F.W. Woolworth co, and we should leave Sears in.. �The wealthiest individuals were most famous, and a minority did have rags to riches stories. [Inasmuch as, all who financially succeed had help along the way. High I.Q. can only be capable of running a corporation, -- is not to your credit, your inherited self.] John D. Rockefeller owned Standard Oil co., Cornelius Vanderbilt owned a fleet of steamships, and invested in railroads and steel, Andrew Carnegie was in the oil industry, and J.P. Morgan owned U.S. Steel Corporation. As we all know the modern conveniences coming in, is quickly creating the world we who are alive now, were born into.

The Great Depression of 1892 was caused by the same old thing; people couldn�t afford to keep the economy going; thus loan requirements were lowered to keep the economy going, and then its attendant bust. But there was also the fact that crops were excessively depressed in price, while tariffs and interest rates made everything else ridiculously expensive. The Progressives felt the following steps will help put money in the pockets of more people, then only the wealthy minority: 1, increase currency, [a cheap loan is what they really needed), 2, government ownership of the basic utilities, including phones, to control costs; 3, return all unused land to government; 4, income tax; 5, national warehouse for crops; 6, direct elections for senators, and a secret ballot. If you know how the economy works actually, then you note that only number 5 and 6 are okay. Raise wages to true living wages, the only True cure for a bad economy.

[He had no family. If his parent had not died, he would have never gone homeless. He is a good person. 1990�s and everyone loves on TV, -- although the homeless are never ever mentioned. He didn�t have anyone to stay with, when his income was simply not allowed him. Before this, when he was allowed to work, they never keep anyone, except the few who will consistently know what is up. [Employers who are honest, don�t fire; and when they hire, it is someone they know.] Six months to a year, is as long as he was ever allowed to work. The liars abused him so much, first, with slander, -- are not okay spiritually, but smile at who they need. He didn�t have a child. So Welfare�s bootstrap is not allowed. No government agency will help him really and truly. 3 months allowed at a shelter, is threatened during his entire stay, -- as if he doesn�t wish to find a job? They won�t lift a finger to help people find a job either. They only say, �Apply at JC Penney�, -- you need a wardrobe. Jeans and a few shirts to his name, in a homeless shelter. JC Penney does not pay enough to allow a person to work full time there and not be homeless, anyway. [Last I heard, full time is 37 hours, so that JC Penney won�t be forced to pay benefits.] You have to pretend you are not homeless when you apply. �.Without a home there is no hope; without a home, the person will die. This person, is frightened beyond repair, so much so, clinically speaking, he is in shock. Know this occurs, is why this extreme physical abuse will cease by the government. �Being homeless is why also, a person should be first in line to be hired; yet, hate does the opposite. �Counselor says, �Don�t use a grocery bag for a purse.� �Spell correctly on your resumes.� At the special class he and other people in desperate situations are forced to endure this insulting class.]

1896, the Republicans nominated William McKinley of Ohio, who was for high tariffs and the gold standard. �Free and unlimited coinage of both gold and silver,�� the democratic majorities view. They nominated William Jennings Bryan, who had served in the House of Representatives and spoke firmly for the lower classes. �You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of Gold!� �.Bryan lost, but the popular vote was close. �The gold standard pays 100c worth of gold for your paper money; and they want you to know it also means that we will not cause inflation by creating new money, and they must have collateral to back up every loan. So this is why Bryan felt this way; as the poor need cheap loans was so actually.

The concentration of wealth. How will you deal with this? I ask the wealthy people to agree, that the poor are not satisfied being your slave, which is why I cannot afford to go anywhere. There is no excuse not to properly compensate a human for his/her time. [This continued practice of low wages, has bankrupt the country so much, that business owners can't even afford to raise wages properly without government's help, is a true stimulus.] �.. These politicians of yesteryear, were reasonably stupid, regarding how simple the economy is. But then again, they could have done better, if they had thought correctly.

The Republicans, 1897, raised tariff rates at an all time high. 57%. Corporate monopolies encouraged inflationary trends, (is also, lousy customer service), was a very big concern.

Robert M LaFollette was a governor from Wisconsin, 1900. Speaking for the lower classes, he levied taxes on the railroads and utilities. He created regulations on public utilities. Conservation of the forests and water-power sites, were created. He appointed university men on state regulatory committees. �The Wisconsin Idea.�
Other progressive leaders followed his example.

Meanwhile, Muckrakers they were called, journalists who went after crooked practices within businesses: McClure�s Magazine, published Ida M. Tarbell�s critical �The History of the Standard Oil Co.� 1902. To name one.

The Progressive movement was persevering. Turn of the century, Susan B. Anthony has been educating for women�s rights, the right to vote, for long while. 1900, and women can now vote in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho. By 1919, 15 western states gave women the right to vote.

Progressives won on several fronts:
1. The Secret Ballot. 1890.
2. Voters can petition. �The Initiative.� With enough signatures, Congress by Law had to vote to debate an issue openly.
3. Voters can remove an office holder with 25% of the voters signing a petition. A Special Election must then occur. �Recall�.
4. 1913. Direct elections now for the Senators. Finally.
5. Reform of city government. A commission form government was created when a hurricane destroyed Galveston, Texas. It took hold, because it was more efficient, and you could hold elected officials accountable. Dayton, Ohio hired a city manager, who was a specialist without political connections.

1900. The free silver issue was the Democratic call again, as they nominated William J. Bryan as their presidential nominee. Republican, President McKinley won re election.
6 months into his office, President McKinley was assassinated, September 6, 1901 at a reception at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.

Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president now, although the ancient Stalwart side of the Republican party, the political bosses, allowed him to be vice president because he was too independent in thought, frankly; and they had thought as vice president, Roosevelt would be a voiceless nothing to do type fellow, with no power, but that for which the president decides. The Stalwarts had depended on the idea that the presidential office will Not become prematurely vacant.

Roosevelt as we know, had come from a well to do family, and was an especially charismatic, gifted speaker. So much so, that he gave the progressive movement a face.

1904, and Theodore Roosevelt was nominated as the Republican candidate, as to be expected, inasmuch, the bosses did want to stop this, but they simply didn�t have the votes to do so. Judge Alton B. Parker became the democratic nominee.

Roosevelt said, ��I shall see to it that every man has a square deal, no less and no more.�
There was no wonder as to why Roosevelt won overwhelmingly, 336 electoral votes.

And then he meant it.
Mines owned by railroad companies had workers who lived in company towns, working long hours with wages too low to make ends meet. So the wage earners asked for a 9 hour day, 20% wage increase, improved working conditions, and to recognize their right to bargain as a union. The Mine Owners would not bargain. So the Miners held a strike, and this caused coal to go from $5.00 a ton, to $30.00 a ton, in the dead of winter. �..The Mine Owners asked for President Roosevelt�s help. Roosevelt refused, and threatened a government takeover of the mines if the Owners refuse to negotiate. The Mine Owners agreed to negotiate. Ultimately, the minor�s received a 9 hour day and a 10% pay raise.* They did not receive all they needed here to have a middle class existence.

Meanwhile, Teddy Roosevelt is who the creator of the stuffed �Teddy Bears�, fashioned the very famous stuffed bear after, -- in honor of Teddy Roosevelt.

Up to this time, the Supreme Court had been siding with big business, and they made some real whopper unconstitutional decisions. With the Danbury Hatters case they sided with the hat manufacturers over the Hatter Union who was boycotting their hats. Not fair trade, said the company. The Supreme Court held the hatters liable to 3 times the damages.

In another case, a huge holding company for railroads, brought singular control over 3 leading railroads; thus, it was a monopoly. The Supreme Court said, �We do not wish to destroy corporations, but we do wish to make them sub serve the common good.�
1904, the Supreme court held, with a vote 5 to 4, that this holding company is a monopoly, and is not legal under the Sherman Anti Trust Act. As well they created an act to speed up monopoly cases, and created the �Department of Commerce and Labor.�
This was very encouraging to President Roosevelt, so he ultimately went after 44 Trusts. The Supreme Court dissolved the Beef Trust and the Fertilizer Trust. However, these Trusts still operated about the same under a �gentlemen�s agreement�, or rather, illegally. But the era of regulation was now in. The Hepburn Act of 1906 for instance, brought heavy regulations on sleeping car companies, oil pipelines, bridges. Meat Inspection Act passed 1906, largely due to Upton Sinclair�s book �The Jungle�, which exposed unsanitary practices in the meat packing industry. �The Federal approved rates for sleeping car companies, oil pipelines, bridges,.. Now, no free passes, uniform accounting methods. �.

President Roosevelt cared dearly for Conservation, and great strides towards conserving our natural resources came about. Timberlands were banned from timber sales. He withdrew 150,000,000 acres of public land from sale. He vetoed private interests rights to build a damn. Money from sales of private land went to irrigation projects, and to make waste land more suitable for farming. 1907. He held a White House Conference regarding conserving our mineral, water, forests, and soil resources. And the North American Conservation Conference, 1909, drew up conservation �Declaration of Principles�, with Canada, and Mexico.

President Roosevelt�s actions over new problems handled wrongly, will unfortunately bring about �dollar diplomacy�, as the way. Was, when debtor�s failed to repay their loans, or their interest on the loans, the U.S. landed Marines, supervised elections, and favored the side who was most friendly to U.S. business interests. The U.S. invaded every single Central American country at one time or another.

Enters into the picture, a U.S. government that considers only U.S. businessmen, but does not care about the concerns of the poor people from any of these countries; thus, the U.S. will support self interest over the true needs of the poverty stricken people from any of these countries.
________________________________________________

*Cochise, a famous Chiricahua Apache Chief led a revolt against whites in 1870. He was resisting attempts to be thrown on a reservation. He and 200 following fighters, fought against the U.S. Army. For 4 years this went on; and finally they ended up on a reservation in Arizona. Cochise said afterward, �Let my people mingle with the whites, in their farms and communities and let us be one people.� The government said no. Cochise died June 8, 1874.

*Geronimo, was a famous Chief of the Chiricahua Apache. Goyathlay, was his real name. After being arrested, his tribe settled in Arizona. The U.S. government refused to help them irrigate their crops; so Geronimo went to war, and then once more surrendered. Two years later, He led a band who raided white settlements, 1884. �To make a long story short, he and his entire group were sent as prisoners of war to Florida. Geronimo was forced into hard labor for 4 years there, and then settled at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He died in 1909.

*White people were afraid of Indian ghost dancing, which led to the murder of Sitting Bull.

*Up to this date in American history, the country is mostly a poverty state. All that free land should have helped better; but how can it if low wages, high interest rates, and high tariff rates, is what they did do.

*No longer farm girls working at the factories; and by time immigrants have these jobs, the owners were entirely abusive towards employees. ��owners,�,met hard times by requiring more work for less pay. Women usually got one-third to one-half the wages paid to men for doing comparable jobs�� Factory owners were required by a new state law to limit the weekly hours for women to 54 hours a week; so the owners lowered their pay. ..�There is no strike in Lawrence, just mob rule,� one owner said of a employee walkout. The radical Industrial Workers of the World, organized the workers, who proclaimed to be one. �After 63 days of hunger, harsh words, an aborted dynamite plot, and police brutality, the dramatic strike ended. The workers won.�.. �We Americans, National Geographic.� �The workers win, typically, not a lot.

*Accidents on the job: 1906 to 1907 Accident report in Pittsburgh district: 5 died of asphyxiation from hot gas; 22 by explosions of hot metal; 10 in the rolling mills; 42 by traveling cranes; 24 fell from high places, 7 electrocuted; 8 crushed; 77 by other causes. --
Stats from �We Americans�. ��.1900, and 1,750,000 children in the workforce. Grueling work, 12 hours a day, everyday. They would hide the children who were forced to work even on the 7th day. It is said that children had an accident rate on the job three times that of adults.

*Students should investigate exactly how costs responded to high interest rates and high tariff rates. History detectives can be at school; not just PBS. As I say after every chapter, take a paragraph, see a show, do a project, play a neat video game, that needs to exist, et cetera. Also, so many people and subjects to investigate. So who was Margaret Sanger? [Have a photo of her awaiting trial in 1906.]

*Booker T. Washington born 1856, died 1915. He wrote his autobiography �Up From Slavery�. Some information in this book about him came from his autobiography.

*1917, U.S. purchased the Virgin Islands, because of World War I.

*Immigrants were often prejudiced against. The Chinese immigrants helped build the railroads. Congress enacted immigration restrictions, saying you have to know how to read for instance. Such illegal laws would exist however in a country that didn�t allow full rights to people born in the United States. Immoral practices toward one group begets bad behavior towards everyone actually, is the natural law for those who believe regressive views.

*First true skyscraper, a beautiful building, built 1902, called the Flatiron building.

*Barnum and Bailey�s circus hit town 1871. People would vacation at a place that held lectures and sermons. Base ball and Football came about, 1876. Basket ball, 1892.

*1912, an advertisement for a motor car. �The Disco Self-Starter.� 1914, and the Transcontinental telephone line was being built, -- connecting the east coast to the west coast. First air mail, as early as 1911, on a biplane near New York.

* There were several bands of Shoshone. One band lived around Salt Lake City; there were around 1,800 people in this tribe, -- 800 were of the Ute Tribe.
�By the 1840s, the Northwestern Shoshoni had adopted most of the Plains Culture, using the horse for mobility and the hunting of game. Chief Pocatello especially led his band on numerous hunts for buffalo in the Wyoming area. Pocatello also gained notoriety as a reckless and fearless marauder along the Oregon and California trails.�
�The Wasatch Mountains provided small game for the Northwestern bands, but of even greater importance were the grass seeds and plant roots which grew in abundance in the valleys and along the hillsides of northern Utah before the cattle and sheep of the white man denuded these rich areas and left many of the Shoshoni tribes in a starving condition and to suffer under the ignominy of being called "Digger Indians." Before white penetration, the Great Basin and Snake River Shoshoni had been among the most ecologically efficient and well-adapted Indians of the American West.�
�The young men of Bear Hunter's tribe began to strike back in late 1862, raiding Mormon cattle herds and attacking mining parties traveling to and from Montana.� �After the Mormons began to move in, and others traveling to California or for the gold discovered in Montana. So in January of 1863, the U.S. army came in to stop them:" �As a result of the four-hour carnage that ensued, twenty-three soldiers lost their lives and at least 250 Shoshoni were slaughtered by the troops, including ninety women and children in what is now called Bear River Massacre.�

�After several years of receiving their government annuities at Corinne, Utah, near the mouth of the Bear River, the Indians bands finally gave up their homelands in Utah and settled at Fort Hall, Idaho, where their descendants live today.� This is pasted from Online Utah.com internet sit.

*The following protests were brought to you by little Jewish ladies whose families were at least middle class, and then, suddenly, due to the cost of living, they were not making ends meet anymore. As the Socialist party always told everyone no violence. And they are correct; as violence takes the eye off of what is wrong, to concentrate on the violence, which is always wrong. As the minor success of these ladies, would have at least been accomplished, without any threats of violence whatsoever. Have to concentrate on yourself, if I am not misbehaving. ---As, every parent knows when both children are fighting, then both children are having to be dealt with. Whereas, if only one child had been wrong, then he could have been dealt with so much easier..

*�Housewives, Socialists, and the Politics of Food: The 1917 New York Cost of Living Protests�: Thousands of immigrant Jewish women hit the streets in protest. They beseeched the mayor. They tried to explain the cruelty upon them. But of course keep the mob at bay was the response. ��Protesting women primarily concentrated their violence and crowd persuasion on convincing peddlers, butchers, and grocers not to sell boycotted food�� for example: �100 women gathered, � overturned pushcarts, scattered their goods, and threatened to light kerosene which they poured on peddlers vegetables.� � �On East 4th Street, 40 women poured into a butcher shop and threatened the butcher with his own cleaver.� �.�A man who bought a chicken at Waalch�s poultry in Wales Avenue was pursued by 200 women into a saloon 2 blocks away.� �.from �Women and Power in American History� A Reader Vol 11 From 1870. Kathryn Kish Sklar and Thomas Dublin. @1991 by Prentice Hall Prentice Hall, Upper Sadder River, New Jersey 07458 {in this book is a photo of a cute elderly Jewish woman being taken to jail by 3 police men, �the one closest to her appeared amused and chagrined.} ....Food prices lowered a little, for a little while.

*2010,�. A 50-something person has grandparents born around 1900. One of mine, born 1890, in rural Mississippi, where they were still driving a horse and buggy. He witnessed olden days turn into modern convenience, right before his very eyes, ---from hand washing clothes to the washing machine. He lived until 1975, having witnessed man land on the moon.

*[a] Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indians. By Bruce Grant. Wings Books.
New York. @1958, 1960, E.P. Dutton and Co. 2000, republished by Wings Books, imprint of Random House Value pub. Inc NY NY

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