Chapter 7: 1825-1840: The History of the United States of America -- School Reform

[ Show ]

Support VoyForums

[ Shrink ]

VoyForums Announcement: Programming and providing support for this service has been a labor of love since 1997. We are one of the few services online who values our users' privacy, and have never sold your information. We have even fought hard to defend your privacy in legal cases; however, we've done it with almost no financial support -- paying out of pocket to continue providing the service. Due to the issues imposed on us by advertisers, we also stopped hosting most ads on the forums many years ago. We hope you appreciate our efforts.

Show your support by donating any amount. (Note: We are still technically a for-profit company, so your contribution is not tax-deductible.) PayPal Acct: Feedback:

Donate to VoyForums (PayPal):

[ Login ] [ Contact Forum Admin ] [ Main index ] [ Post a new message ] [ Search | Check update time | Archives: [1], 2 ]

[ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ]

Date Posted: 09:33:21 08/23/13 Fri
Author: edy
Author Host/IP: 199-195-168-213.southwestern-wireless.com / 199.195.168.213
Subject: Chapter 7: 1825-1840: The History of the United States of America

Tenskwataw, (1775 � November 1836). A Shawnee religious leader, also referred to as the Prophet. He claimed the white people devils. As the Shawnee were from the Ohio region; and the Tippecanoe region was a Native America stronghold. �It was an inter-tribal, religious stronghold along the Wabash River in Indiana for three thousand Native Americans, Tippecanoe, known as Prophetstown to whites, served as a temporary barrier to settlers' westward movement.� [Wiki] �.Early on Tenskwatawa had an alcohol problem; but then, after going into a trance by the �Master of Life�, he had a new understanding for his people to go back to the old ways, and reject all European ways, including the Christian religion. He predicted a moon eclipse, 1805, which increased his following. �He denounced the loss of traditional Shawnee values and spoke vehemently against the consumption of alcohol, describing his own drunkenness and its cure. He also condemned violence, stealing, and sexual promiscuity. He urged people to treat elders with respect, perform traditional rituals, and return to traditional Shawnee ways. He also told his followers not to eat the meat of domestic animals or use white man's technology, such as guns, flint-and-steel fire starters, or wear white man's clothing.� [Your Dictionary Website] �..He was greatly responsible, along with his brother Tecumseh, in promoting another great push, [the last attempt], in creating a great Indian Confederacy to include all Tribes who will join, and create a Country, called the Northwest Confederacy. ��..The problem was, some tribes were giving away their land; while other tribes stuck with the urge for a true Indian Nation. It is just, some tribes didn�t understand the white man was lying. Tenskwatawa and Tehcumseh knew they were.

*The problem with governments: when there is a good person you are dealing with, that good person is dealing with bad people who fool them. Now, the white man government would not be so bad, if they had a constitution that demands no illegal laws that break the golden rule can occur. Wait, the white men�s constitution does demand this; for all people also, who are not white, or a man. Democracy obeys God, [is truth, -- gives a care about every me equally, is fair only]. And any nation that does, only, is no threat to any minority group or individual.

Chapter 7: 1825 - 1840: History of the United States of America

Tecumseh (born. 1768-1813), Tenskwatawa�s brother, was a Shawnee Chief who was very upset over the white men encroaching upon their territories. Tecumseh �said that the land did not belong to any one tribe, that it belonged to all Tribes in common, and that the U.S. government had recognized this principle in 1795 at the Treaty of Greenville, when all tribes had assembled to make the agreement, after which the government had guaranteed title to all unceded land to the tribes in common. Governor William Henry Harrison of Indiana and other officials objected to this argument, realizing that such an arrangement was impractical from the government's point of view�. [Your Dictionary Website]. �Tecumseh traveled throughout the country east of the Mississippi River, persuading various tribes to join the cause for the creation of the Northwest Indian Confederate Nation. �..This whole idea went away after the Battle of the Tippecanoe. Barely lost by the tribesmen, but support by other tribes began to wane after this, [all the while, a terrible drought was going on.] �.The British aided the American Natives with their Indian Nation idea; thus, Tecumseh helped the British fight the American Colonists during the war of 1812; and Tecumseh�s help is attributed for keeping the Colonists out of Canada. Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the Thames on Oct. 5, 1813.

The Great Lakes region, in both the United States and Canada, was to be the Northwest Confederacy. Barely mentioned in history books. If fairness had occurred regarding this Indian Nation, the Industrial Revolution would have been less cruel, and the slaves would have been freed. [Cruelty, in any form. A mortal sin, (the Catholics refer to it), has someone afraid genuinely for their basic safety, is also the fear of going homeless. Realize how fierce you are, has to self correct, yes. Or, one persuades himself that fairness is not fair, forever.]

The Industrial Revolution, was rolling into full swing by the 1820�s.. Wage earners were becoming an increasingly larger group. The cities were growing. Transportation was making commodities cheaper; after all, it is far better, with decent roads, to haul goods on a wagon, and much more expensive to haul goods in on a mule. Steam boats made travel up the Mississippi easy now. Constructing the Erie Canal turned New York City into the �Gateway to the West�, as now you could go up the Hudson river, go through the canal, (between Albany and Buffalo), and make it to the Great Lakes. The canal opened 1825. �Construction of the railroads began. �.Charles Carroll, 91 years old, was the only living signer of the Declaration of Independence, and he was part of the ceremony they had when they began to build the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1828. By 1840, over 3,000 miles of track had already been laid. � Manufacturing. Although the business corporation was not yet with us, and owners of factories often also ran them, paying ridiculously low wages doomed the economy overall. The Waltham textile plant had a new system: hire women and girls, have them live in company owned boarding houses, run by a matron. They were forced to go to educational classes, and church. �.But then, by 1840, factories became monstrous in size, and they began to hire new immigrants, and severe abuses were here. They�d hire entire families to work. Employers could pay ridiculously low wages, work even children 12 to 14 hours, every day. Why, it took 5 members from one family, to support the household. As safety issues at work will be a serious problem, along with actual working conditions, and employer�s general mistreatment of his employees.

Hey, you going to get that morals are not up to you? In a society that thought they were somehow. Will you get this? Survives the test of time. ---Is mentioned, because mercenary behavior needs to be explained as to how on Earth they thought.

[It is important to note that self correcting people grow great; so it is, self correcting countrymen, makes our country self correcting, makes our country great.]

By the 1840�s many workers were now laboring in very hard, even dangerous conditions. Working as long as 16 hours a day; living in squalid, filthy, crowded tenements in the cities. Early labor organizations came about, 1825. Massachusetts Supreme Court was the first to approve the existence of labor unions. And it was the labor union�s insistence that all children have a right to a free education, is why free mandatory state schools came into being, everywhere. They also helped rid of the practice of debtors prison. �.. Immigrants poured into the United States, mostly from Europe, especially Germany and Great Britain. Ending up in the cities, in slum tenements, -- where the landlord will board up your window, instead of replace the glass. Men would get construction work, the women and children would work in factories. Too many people after the same jobs.

Often, there was no work to be found. In which case people starved.

Often, there was no work to be found. In which case people starved. Is stated again.

The Irish tended to be the poorest, leaving Ireland to escape poverty. And as the Irish tended to dress as they did in Ireland, and created their own neighborhoods, and foremost, because they were poor when they arrived, they were grossly prejudiced against.* However, the Irish immigrations occurred only after the potato famine in the 1840�s; and at this time, it will be the first time the immigrants were poor instead of prosperous.

*The Cherokee people were peaceful and spiritual.. They farmed and accepted white man schools. Then they found gold in today�s Georgia. That the Cherokee were betrayed even though the Cherokee were our friends: It is not likely that those who chose to forcibly move them westward, so that they may steal their land, did not know better. They likely mocked truth deeply, to betray peaceful, fair people. That wicked people it is assumed, got a way with it: is why today, people are not originally warned that no empathy wins the choice of no eternal life, -- inasmuch, a sociopath has to try, to become it, and society, including ones parents are not to blamed when someone has zero empathy.

*And the Creek Tribal Leader was told that they would have their own state.

Sojourner Truth, her real name, Isabella Baumfree, was born 1797, in a Dutch Settlement in upstate New York. She was born into slavery; and she had her share of bad owners who beat her. �The state of New York began in 1799 to legislate the gradual abolition of slavery, which was to happen July 4, 1827.� But Isabella had been promised if she does a good job, she will be freed, and then her owner reneged on this promise. After finishing her work, she escaped before dawn with her baby girl Sophia. �I did not run off, for I thought that wicked, but I walked off, believing that to be all right.� �Isabella had several children with a man in slavery, who wasn�t allowed to marry her. One of her children Peter, had been sold off to a man in Alabama. With help from Quakers, who were activists, she was able to make an official complaint in court. After months of legal proceedings, Peter was returned to her. She was the first black person to receive justice in court. �Isabella had a religious conversion during the early 1800�s; she changed her name to Sojourner Truth, and traveled the country educating against the evils of slavery as well as woman�s rights. A very brave woman, who dedicated her life to end slavery; whose efforts led to the eventual end of slavery. When Sojourner Truth visited the White house to meet Abraham Lincoln, she explained what a pleasure it was to meet him, and he turned that around and said, no, it is the greatest pleasure to meet you.*

[The truth of it is, Earth is a material world, created solely for the purpose as a Training Ground for conscious beings who are born, so that they may share in the experience and accomplishment of progressing all conscious beings. Our very short life spans have the very same purpose you will find, when you get to heaven. To progress yourself and others, in a society where everyone is clearly living as all conscious beings should, while they train for their eternal adventures. --- Therefore, Soujourner Truth's life represents how we should all be, when faced with extremes; while living life taking advantage of others, in order to raise ones own personal incomes, is most abnormal, is truthfully, failure.]

The �American System�. Henry Clay will invoke, as the Democratic-Republicans had called themselves just Republicans, in honor of the fact that mostly they were all in agreement frankly, together, in this Great democracy. [Main reason the Federalist party went away.] --If you are factual in every way, then you are true to be this way. -- Clay used this phrase, �the American System,� to promote the previously Republican approved economic policies of a national bank, protective tariff, and a transportation system. All agreed.

The American System, gave the federal government defined power over the states, verses the view that the Republicans used the elastic clause, unfairly taking power away from the states.

Election of 1824. 4 Republican candidates. William H. Crawford of Georgia, and 3 native sons: John Quincy Adams, son of ex president John Adams, Andrew Jackson from Tennessee, famous war hero/Indian fighter, and Henry Clay, now a very famous national leader who has been around a while. �.Jackson, 99 votes; Adams, 84; Crawford, 41; Clay, 37 votes. No one had the 131 votes needed. Clay was out, so he had his supporters back Adams; thus John Quincy Adams won the Presidency. [Jackson had won the popular vote, -- which is the first year the results are kept even,-- and had majority electoral votes.*]

This really made Andrew Jackson mad. ...Adams appoints Clay as his Secretary of State; and Jackson is certain it is part of the �corrupt bargain�. In self righteous indignation, Jackson resigns from the Senate, and enters into a political campaign for the presidency. Luckily for him, this election, 1828, will be the very first election where all white men can vote, not just those with property*. As this inclusion of poor white men is now in several states.

Having been in poverty, born in a log cabin in the wilderness of the Carolina�s, no formal education, Jackson was perceived, with help from Jackson himself, as the candidate for the people. He understands their problems, he was once poor himself. Bigots from the south and west, were hugely for the man, -- for slavery, for getting rid of the savages.��Jackson was so angry, to such a degree, behind the scenes, that he and his followers would call themselves democrats, -- a term only used if you feel radical, or rather, angered self righteously. His anger, which actually, had only to do with his thwarted political ambitions, stolen from him, turned into anger at any injustice the poor man can understand. In other words, he simply is the man here to protect the interests of the little guy. So this term democrat is used out in open. While, little guy translates into little banks only, no national bank, is good sounding, -- although the little guy would actually likely fare better with a national bank, because regulation may even beget inclusion, is a good idea, not to come.

1828. A sweeping victory for Jackson. 178 votes; Adams had only 83. Democracy had triumphed. President Adams [junior, but not called that], felt the King Mob had triumphed. Ignorant masses; as they were actually, with their low self esteems had no justice for the slaves or the American Tribes. [Inasmuch, the labor union also supported Jackson, as they thought he would protect the interests of the poor; but they were hoodwinked by campaign jargon, and a lack of understanding regarding the banking system, -- includes the ability to place money where needed, quickly and or safely.]

But how exciting to have their first popular election, involving all white men, no matter how poor they are; and their guy won! It was as exciting as when George Washington became president. The poorer population really thought Jackson understood their problems; thus their celebrations were huge. They felt Jackson was going to save the day. Those who celebrated with Jackson were well meaning but became too riotous; so Jackson had to sneak out. �.�It was the people�s President; it was the people�s day,�� Daniel Webster noted: �I never saw anything like it before. Persons have come 500 miles to see General Jackson,��

Jackson was for the people and liberty, in the same way Napoleon was: ambitious and self serving. ��John Quincy Adams, on the other hand, was indignant that elections could be so partisan, and the general population was so ignorant quite frankly. He was not prepared for such competition as General Jackson�s manipulative presidential campaign; nor were Adam�s ideas very exciting, [Quincy, as Clay, his comrade, was supporter of the American System, and wanted power for the federal government. He lowered the debt, (protective tariffs, sale of public lands), was for an educational system, and a federal bank.]

The very same man who had been angered at Adams for placing Clay as a member for his Cabinet, saying it was a corrupt bargain: Jackson had everything to do with bringing corruption into politics hugely; for he institutionalizes the spoils system within the Federal government. If you want a job, you better have supported him. Jackson�s actions led to the crooked political boss system. Some members of his Kitchen Cabinet, [unofficial cabinet he created/invented], were newspaper editors, who he placed in government positions. Newspaper editors? [Who is watching the hen house, protecting them from the wolves?]

Before Jackson�s second term, in anticipation of the first bank charter running out, Jackson was saying that the Monster had to go; and it was easy for his supporters to agree, because who likes a property stealing monster, -- nobody. Clearly the national bank kept money in the hands of rich; the poor were left out. Clearly the national bank had to go, would be one of the biggest issues in the coming election. [Explain please, Mr. Jackson, why a state bank will be friendlier to the poor. Did anyone ask.] But Clay, Adams, and the rest understood fully that rational men understand the need for this bank; and it is after all, one of the defining issues, attached to the �American System�. What the people thought, was, �it was thus decided that they will pass a new charter for the bank before the next election so that Jackson will have to veto it. In so doing, the Republican traditionalists would win. .. A pulse on the American public they did not have. Jackson did veto the charter, and he began to starve the federal banks of cash deposits. He would say about the bank, that many rich men, �have besought us to make them richer by acts of Congress.� The bank itself only went away when the charter ran out 1836. �Jackson said that he didn�t have to care nor follow the Supreme Court at all. [Lucky for him, the Supreme Court only allowed that the bank can exist, not that it constitutionally must exist.] And why Clay and Adams would believe the Federal Bank would be popular with the voters, is they never experienced the true popular vote before. However it wasn�t only poor people, but richer people also who couldn�t get an easy loan; and they blamed the bank for their woes. Jackson easily beat Clay, (who now called his party the National Republicans), and the lesser known candidates in the election of 1832. Martin Van Buren was his vice president. 1832 was the first year that they began holding political conventions. Each party held theirs separately of course; but they all held their conventions in Baltimore.

With the National bank gone, Jackson had pet banks, where he placed deposits, [political influences, friends]. This smelled funny, of course.

And then South Carolina was tired of the protective tariffs, that were no longer needed, as England was no longer dumping their factory goods. The tariffs made things too expensive, all the while, these tariffs helped only the north. And the north was addicted to these tariffs. The 1828 tariff was the last straw: referred to as the tariff of abomination.

South Carolina was the only dissenter who was too angry to let this go. With John C. Calhoun, South Carolina�s favorite son, at the lead, the state threatened to secede from the union. Those tariffs, they said, were null and void. President Jackson was irked; behind the scenes hanging Calhoun was a fine thing to say. ...However, he was for states rights anyway; which he hid behind. He didn�t see any reason to start a war over these tariffs; so ultimately, with Clay at the lead, a compromise was made, and these tariffs, although still existing, were lowered.

The separate states had the right to nullify, or refuse to obey, any act of congress they believed to be unconstitutional. Was the substance of Calhoun�s argument, adopted by the �South Carolina Exposition and Protest.� Unconstitutional is unjust. �Daniel Webster would repeat Madison�s arguments from a previous era, saying that we are not a mere league of loose separate states.
Jackson said to a Congressman, �Tell them they can talk and write resolutions and print threats,� But if one drop of blood be shed,� I will hang the first man of them I can get my hands on,�.�
While South Carolina had their way, some, Congress also adopted the Force Act. This of course made it known that the Federal government will bring out the army against any state that refuses to pay tariffs.

The story of the Indian massacres and the massacres of the pioneer families, are horrific, barbaric all by itself. [That things were so hard in poverty, that it seemed better to take the kids, and come out west, in unsettled territory, where a group of people think you are trespassing on their land, then deal in poverty. Not being allowed to support your family is in itself, overwhelmingly frightening.]

That old history book did not even allude to the Indian Removal Act of 1830.* To dishonor all the victims like that. ... It was voted, with Jackson as President, that the Indian Tribes need to be forcibly moved out west beyond the Mississippi river. Voluntarily of course, as any Indian can stay behind, if he lives like white men.

The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. The 5 Civilized Tribes. They were forced to trade their lands for reservations out west. The Supreme Court decision, Johnson vs. M� Intosh. 1823. �Indians could occupy land. But they are not allowed titles.� ... The Supreme Court: Cherokee Nation Vs the State of Georgia, 1831: �Cherokees were not a sovereign and independent nation, and therefore not entitled to a hearing."�When the Cherokee nation sought aid from newly elected president Andrew Jackson, he informed them that he would not interfere with the lawful prerogatives of the state of Georgia.� [Study World website]

United States Supreme Courts decision, 1832: Georgia could not impose its laws upon Cherokee tribal lands. �..It was said that Jackson claimed: �John Marshall has made a decision, now let him enforce it!� [Well, King Jackson, needed to be, we assume.]

��William McIntosh 1775-1825, was a Prominent Chief of the Lower Creek Indians. White Warrior. He was half white, the son of Captain William McIntosh, a prominent Savannah, Georgia family. He was the nephew of the very prominent Loyalist, Lachlan McGillivray. There was a governor of Georgia who was a cousin. As well, his mother was also a prominent member of the Creeks, Wind Clan. Her name, Senoya. He had been raised on the Creek nation. He had an inheritance from his father, and was a Plantation owner. While supporting the U.S., by time Georgia wanted the Indians gone, he had to either sell Creek land, or simply loose it without any compensation, (others said his motives were selfish; historians don't really know.) So he chose to sell it for $200,000. For this action, the Upper Creek Tribe assassinated him.*

The Creek War of 1836 occurred because land squatters and speculators began to steal their land. �.Soldiers actually tracked down to capture and face before the firing squad, Tsali, who was family of the old prophet. �.The Seminole, of Florida, signing an agreement against their will, but officially protesting. �Blacks and Seminoles murdered all but 3 soldiers out of 110. The Dade Massacre. A war party led by Osceola captured a militia train, and killed 8, wounding 6. They fought for 10 years. �. Through out the 1830�s thousands upon thousands of Native Americans were forced to walk all the way to Oklahoma,� �I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew.� --a Georgia soldier. �..�Each person had to pay to cross the river at Berry�s Ferry.� �..The Choctaw were paid $530,000 for their land. �..In the Cherokee language, Nunna daul Isunyi --- The Trail Where they Cried. ��Creek leaders reminded Andrew Jackson also known as Sharp Knife, that they have always been peaceful; and Jackson responded, that they must leave because, �they did not cut Tecumseh�s throat when we had a chance.�. �

Private John G. Burnett: �Future generations will read and condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember that private soldiers like myself, and like the 4 Cherokee who were forced by General Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his children, had to execute the order of our Superiors. We had no choice in the matter.� (You hear stories of the people shot for not being able to keep up.) �.. They say it was gold discovered in Georgia, that started this whole idea. �.13,000 Cherokee in concentration camps. Their homes were plundered then destroyed. �.Thousands died on the trail due to exposure, starvation, disease. [2,500 to 6,000]. And this why they call it the Trail of Tears.
________________

*A moment regarding Irish History: Late 1600�s, the Irish Catholic wealthy had all their land stolen from them by the British government, who then turned this land over to British government officials. The Irish Catholics were all forced now to be protestant. A dark dictatorship began then, and persisted for 2 centuries. �.By 1840�s, the terrible potato famine occurred in Ireland. The people had planted potato patches in their yards; but when the potato patches all died, the people starved to death by the millions. Meanwhile, Britain did not care and kept on sending Irish crops to Britain. To see this is right, the Irish poor were considered monkey like. It is likely those in charge who decided the food in Ireland can be taken to England are not better off then Hitler is today, or rather, �Got� that this is wrong. Or rather, this is what those in �power� to do themselves, when empathy is not a concern. �..Latter 1800�s, the poor Irish were allowed to come to America. And they did, in droves. But the prejudice towards the poor in Britain, turned into prejudice towards the Irish, persisted in the U.S. [Cartoonists from this era drew the Irish poor to look like monkeys; yet, monkey�s do better then those who were �prejudice�, pretended to be �better�.]

*6 states, by 1779, had abolished any need to own property, in order for white male citizens to vote. By 1821, 6 western states had no property requirements to vote, and 4 states abolished the need to own property. By 1847, such voting restrictions were lifted everywhere for white male citizens, [North Carolina, directly there after]. Remember however, at this time, citizens were typically voting for their legislative leaders; but only the legislative leaders voted directly for the presidential position. Another evolution by the state governments. ...To be well rounded, fair, the poor white men were listened to also; the go along Republicans did respond to a few of the Union's concerns. What led to these changes, a story un to itself.

*1824 election: �WHY THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE SHOULDN'T BE BLAMED: The critics ignore the fact that the popular vote was not a true indicator of the will of the people in 1824. In fact, popular vote totals weren't even kept for elections before this one. Hardly any state had all four candidates on the ballot; most didn't have three. And six states didn't even have a public vote! Their legislatures chose the electors. This included New York, the largest state at the time, where Adams certainly would have been able to cut into or eliminate Jackson's popular vote lead.� [pasted off of the President Elect website, concerning the electoral college.]

*to play I am prejudice in any way whatsoever, then I need to say �my bad� to someone, is all this ever proved.

*Our schools of course, need a schoolreformhistorybook concerning every Tribe.

*In the 1850�s Sojourner Truth made her famous �Ain�t I a woman� speech; and in 1858, dissenters accused her of being a man, and she pulled her blouse up. [Is much more impressive behavior, so brave, to do so with a moral lecture, then doing so on MTV, -- without the lecture.]
"That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud puddles, or gives me any best place, and ain't I a woman? ... I have plowed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me -- and ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man (when I could get it), and bear the lash as well -- and ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children and seen most all sold off to slavery and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me -- and ain't I woman?" from her famous speech.
-- Women in History. Living vignettes of notable women from U.S. History, Website.

*�During the election, Jackson's opponents referred to him as a "jackass". Jackson liked the name and used the jackass as a symbol for a while, but it died out. However, it later became the symbol for the Democratic Party when cartoonist Thomas Nast popularized it�. Wiki pedia

* Andrew Jackson, from Tennessee; famous, so his home is, called the Hermitage. ��
Andrew Jackson�s temper put him in a few duels. One, 1806, Charles Dickson published an attack on Jackson. Insulted, they dueled. Jackson was shot in the ribs, but his return shot killed Dickson. ��..It is said, that Jackson regretted that he �had been unable to shoot Henry Clay or hang J.C. Calhoun�. [His way of saying he is displeased with you.]

*Alexander McGillivray�s father was Lachlan McGillivray, a Scotsman, and a loyalist, who had all his property confiscated after the Revolutionary war. His mother was Creek. Anger over the confiscation, he sided with anyone who opposed the U.S. government. After his mother's death, he was chosen to be Chief, soon to be known as Emperor of the Creek Nation. But he was led to believe the Creek Nation will become a state. �1790 McGillivray was persuaded to journey to New York City; there he repudiated his treaty with Spain and signed an agreement with the United States ceding some Creek lands and making him a brigadier general with pay of $1,200 per year. With his income McGillivray became owner of three plantations and 60 slaves.� He died of a fever 1793.
[answer.com.]

*The Red Stick War, a Creek civil war, caused by the differences of views between the upper Creeks, �pure blood� people, who didn�t agree with the �mixed blood� of the lower Creeks. [The incident occurring that started this war, was the insistence by the U.S. to turn over the Creek person�s who murdered two families along the Ohio river to the U.S. government. Instead, the lower Creeks executed them. This made the upper Creek people upset.] U.S. was dragged into this, and some see it as a mere extension of the War of 1812.

*�In an 1817 letter written to President Madison and signed by McIntosh, Madison was told that, while the more influential Cherokees of mixed blood wanted to swap their land, the "not so much civilized" pure bloods feared the mixed-bloods would�as they did�swap all their land, leaving them "without any land to walk on". The Creeks feared that these Cherokees might, as they already had done before, take land from the Creeks.� Wikepedia
� On April 30, 1825, the Law Menders, led by the Red Stick leader Menawa, of the upper Creek Tribe, set McIntosh's house on fire. When McIntosh escaped, as many as 400 warriors opened fire, killing McIntosh and Etommee Tustunnuggee, another Creek chief who signed the 1825 treaty. That accord was rejected as fraudulent by the Creeks and U.S. government and replaced by the 1826 Treaty of Washington, allowing the Creeks to keep about 3 million acres (12,000 km2) in Alabama.� Wikepedia [The only Tribe in Alabama today, are the Poarch Creek.]
By the 1830�s, the Creeks were forced to move to Oklahoma. Today the Muscogee Creek Nation is headquartered in Okmulgee, Okalahoma.

*The Cherokee Nation today, is headquartered, in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Some came before the terrible relocation, 1817. The Eastern Band is today, located Qualla Boundry, North Carolina. There is also, today, the Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama are recognized by the State, but not the Federal government.
The Cherokee called themselves the Tsalagi, meaning �Principle People�. Early on,
they were valuable partners in the deerskin trade. Early, 1800�s, the Cherokee organized a federal government, and advocated acculturation, formal education, modern farming methods, and Christianity. �.1806, the U.S. built a road through Cherokee country. Cherokees allied themselves with the U.S. during the Red Stick War. Sequoyah invented a syllable based writing system for the Cherokee language. Like the Creek, there were divisions within the Cherokee nation; many desiring to protect their traditional beliefs, their ways. �1825. Cherokee Nation headquarters was in Oostanaula, today�s Calhoun, Georgia. They drafted a Constitution similar to the U.S. Constitution. They had a printing press. A paper called the �Cherokee Phoenix�. .....By time Jackson was in office, the National Republican Party, Clay, Webster, Samuel Worcester campaigned on behalf of the Cherokee Nation�s rights. When the Supreme Court ruling by Marshall came, 1832, stating the Indian Nations are �distinct, independent political communities retaining their natural rights.�

*Jackson should have been impeached. For several reasons.

*Should not surprise anyone that Jackson�s political adversaries referred to him as King Andrew�� Andrew Jackson sold Cherokee land in a land lottery.

[As I always say after every chapter, take a paragraph, see a movie, do a play, have an impeachment trial, �..Researching my genealogy, I came across a family who was friends with William McIntosh; and in fact, that is the first time I ever had heard of him. I also want to point out, that in genealogy you will hear plenty about land lotteries.]

*McIntosh was murdered in 1825. Eerie Canal was opened 1825. Mexico is now ruler over the Southwestern United States territory: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California. 1825, Susan B. Anthony was just born. She dedicated her entire life to woman�s rights, just as Sojourner Truth did for the abolition of slavery.

____________________________________________________________

[ Next Thread | Previous Thread | Next Message | Previous Message ]