Chapter 17: 1960-1963: History of the United States of America: -- School Reform

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Date Posted: 10:22:34 08/22/13 Thu
Author: edy
Author Host/IP: 199-195-168-213.southwestern-wireless.com / 199.195.168.213
Subject: Chapter 17: 1960-1963: History of the United States of America:

*Alaska and Hawaii became the 49th and 50th states to the Union. 1959.

Chapter 17: 1960 - 1963: History of the United States of America

The Un-American Committees were cruel to well known white people; however, J. Edgar Hoover, head of the FBI, was at the lead, to persecute every well known Negro entertainer. Communists were against racism. Therefore, all Negros are communists. If you�re against the Jim Crow Laws, by 1950, you were fixing to loose your career. And so many did; foremost, if you were black. Head of the list, was any black entertainer who portrayed characters that were not on the approved black stereotype racist list, �is what white America expected. To make matters worse, there was not one black list, but many, by various groups. The most famous black list was called the �Red Channel�, --- a list of communist sympathizers in media, [musicians, actors, et cetera]. Paul Robeson, a black singer, Canada Lee, [who was in Alfred Hitchcock�s movie, �Lifeboat�], are two out of a great many people who were persecuted. To be on the list, and you will not be hired. You won�t be told anything. No one will even ask you if it is true. You could be on the list, and not know this is why you are not being hired. No one would say anything to you, no questions as to whether or not you are a communist; you couldn�t therefore, even defend yourself. [Harry Belafonte�s career was saved by Ed Sullivan.]

In Clarendon County, South Carolina, they spent $43. a year on each black student; they spent $179 on each white student. Liza Briggs was a teacher who spoke against these inequities. She was fired. �In Farmville, Virginia, the school for black children had no cafeteria, no gym; of course, the white schools had these things. Several cases concerning these inequities, through out the south, had been unfairly ruled as if okay by the lower courts, [separate but equal isn�t equal but whatever]; thus Brown vs. the Board of Education came before the Supreme Court, -- under the name of Reverend Oliver Brown�s lawsuit, concerning his 7 year old daughter, Linda Carol Brown, from Topeka. Thurgood Marshal was the main lawyer arguing these cases, against separate but equal.

�1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren�s Supreme Court struck down separate but equal; all schools had to be integrated as quickly as possible. �.1957, in Little Rock, Arkansas, the schools were still segregated; no actions were taken to abide the law. As they were supposed to move with �all deliberate speed�. �Well, 9 students were now to attend Central High School in Little Rock. Orval Faubus, the governor, announced he would call out the National Guard to keep the 9 black teenagers out! � Melba Pattillo didn�t know that she was supposed to be going in to the school with the other 8 black students. So she held her head high and walked in by herself. As she walked into the school, white adults were yelling spiteful words at her, she was spat upon, and then some boys even threatened to lynch her. She ran back out to the curb. A New York Times reporter hugged her, and told her not to let them see her cry. �Three black reporters were beaten up by mean white people. �President Eisenhower thought he could talk sense into the lawbreakers who blocked the entrance of Central High. �No? So finally, the President ordered in Federal Troops to protect the students. �The troops were wonderful�, said Melba Pattillo, �I went in not through the side doors but up the front stairs, and there was a feeling of pride and hope. That yes, this is the United States��

1960, and the Democrats nominated John F. Kennedy, Senator from Massachusetts as the Presidential nominee. Lyndon B. Johnson, Senator from Texas, was the vice-presidential candidate, -- as they now had a pattern to put both, a northern and southern candidate on the Presidential ticket. �.Richard M. Nixon, vice-president under Eisenhower, ex Senator from California, was the Republican presidential candidate. Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Senator from Massachusetts. was his running mate.

Nixon ran on his long standing experience in public office. Mostly. As he also is for a bright future. Who isn�t. Nixon�s campaign was progressively supporting the wealthy, who need a balanced budget and to help private enterprise. Kennedy complained that the �missile gap� was Eisenhower�s fault, thus Nixon�s fault, -- as satellites proved that the Soviets had more nuclear missiles then the U.S.. Domestically, Mr. Kennedy had his �New Frontier� campaign: Championing federal funds for education, medical care for the elderly, economic aid to rural areas, and government intervention to halt recession. He proposed tax reform and tax cuts for individuals and corporations. And foremost: To end Jim Crow entirely. Equal Rights, concerning race, sex, or creed.

The very first televised presidential debate ever, was this 1960 election. Legionary, actually, today. John F. Kennedy and his wife were the youngest presidential couple ever! Still good looking. They were the first good looking is young looking actually, couple, ever, is why the press, especially the gossip press went wild about them. In consequence, so it seemed, did the people. Ultimately, his presidency would be referred to as Camelot. Well, Mr. Nixon, brought no ideals nor new ideas to the table anyway, and he perspired; in consequence, he simply wasn�t all that charismatic compared to Mr. Kennedy. �..However, the U.S. citizens voted for Mr. Kennedy to be the next president with only 100,000 popular votes.

1961. President Kennedy asked not what the country can do for us, but what we can do for our country; and he created the Peace Corps. [So get a college degree, if you wish to help, is the Peace Corp today.]

President Kennedy urged the FED to lower interest rates, (makes loans cheaper), in order to encourage growth, (rather, to encourage people to buy homes, big items.) The Fed did so. The deficit was $100 billion. People were affording to purchase commodity, as there was a robust middle class for the first time in World history. (Well, pockets of fair pay sharing did occur here or there, a little bit, in world history. But almost.) Industrial production increased 15%; motor vehicles sales went up 40%. Until 1966. The largest growth period in history.

From 1961 through 1963, the largest degree of legislation ever, occurred, for such a short period of time. Passed through Congress: unemployment benefits were expanded; Food stamps came into being. Aid was provided for housing and transportation, highway systems, -- begun by Eisenhower. Water Pollution Act. An act to raise farmer incomes, (farm price supports were raised; payments were advanced). Legislation occurred for rural electric hook up, soil conservation, crop insurance, farm credit, marketing order. They increased minimum wages; increased federal workers pay for white collar jobs, to what the private sectors paid. Federal workers are given better pay, retirement, and overtime; and no individual nor business who had a connection with the Federal government could discriminate, [race or religion]. Unions are promoted. Money given, ..Caring for the elderly, insurance, and the crippled children, the developmentally disabled, et cetera, increased. Several housing bills were passed for distressed areas and individuals. [Public housing was created, instead of government merely paying or helping to pay rents for distressed individuals.] Libraries, hospitals, and schools were built. 420,000 construction jobs were created. Black people are encouraged to apply for government jobs now. The FHA was created to insure loans, and to give out cheap loans for individuals in distress. They passed more benefits for veterans. They had government procurement programs to stimulate consumer demand. In education, scholarships, student loans, drop out funds, education for the deaf, for the mildly retarded, (the slow)/ for the real retarded, exceptional kids, literacy, vocational education. Education TV. Public Broadcasting Service. For class room instruction. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency for arms control. Social Security Amendment of 1961 increased social security and gave a retirement age of 62.

The economy, robust, and racism was finally being addressed by the government. In this climate, the two major steel companies came out, a day apart, claiming they were to raise the price of steal. Well, the Union members had just received their raises. President Kennedy said, �Why did they do this? Do they think they can get away with this. God I hate the bastards.� [Living wages are moral only, should have been counted in originally. Since this did not occur, originally, �is government helps business pay living wages, --will create a strong middle class instantly, thus cure the economy instantly.]

[A 100% spending ability economy has never occurred; not even close. The profits would be profound.]

Robert Kennedy, the Attorney General and the President�s brother said these Steel companies illegally colluded to raise the cost of steal. U.S. Steel did take the price increase back.

March of 1962, the Mandatory death sentence was abolished. No more mandatory. This occurred in the District of Columbia, which was the only remaining jurisdiction with a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder.

The Apollo Space program began 1960, instigated by Eisenhower, -- replacing the Mercury Program. Due to the cost, at first, Kennedy wanted to cancel the program. But then, April of 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the very first person to fly in to space. The following month, in a Joint Session at Congress, Kennedy announced that the United States is preparing to fly U.S. astronauts to the moon!

Right before Kennedy became president, Fidel Castro had already overthrown the Cuban pro U.S. dictatorship of General Batista, (1958-59). At first, many thought, due to Castro�s rhetoric, that the little guy will get a fair shake, as any fair person should win for the poor. Instead, it quickly became apparent that Castro�s government was totalitarian. While all Latin American countries were also a dictatorship posing often, as a pretend democracy, Castro was now big buddies with the Soviet Union! Meddling in the Western Hemisphere, very frightening to many, -- 90 miles away from Florida. [Castro is attributed for cleaning up corruption in Cuba, improving schools and race relations; however, degree of poverty maintained, = the degree of corruption in any country.] ----The wealthy and educated who were able to flee Cuba, left.

Well, President Kennedy hadn�t been in office but one euphoric moment, when the CIA, [Central Intelligence Agency], informed him that they were secretly training Cuban refugees as soldiers. The plan was to invade Cuba with these insurgents, which will encourage others in Cuba to join; and together they will overthrow Castro�s government. �.Kennedy gave a thumbs up for this freedom fighting sneaky invasion, that was to begin off the coasts of Central America, into Cuba. The invasion was to take place at the Bay of Pigs.

Was a mistake. The whole fiasco was found out; and all rebels were captured. Kennedy was apologetic; and people in the U.S. admired his honesty. He was most popular. But all wasn�t over. For Nikita Khrushchev was now found out: Because U.S. spy planes saw nuclear missiles in Cuba pointed directly at the United States. These missiles could have hit anywhere in the U.S. and Canada, except directly north of San Francisco, in the northwest. And! The spy planes witnessed more missiles on a Soviet ship headed towards Cuba. �.Remove those missiles now!! The President demanded! Khrushchev said no. Cuba can now defend itself, was his point. �Remove those missiles. It simply is not going to be any other way.
A 13 day terrifying standoff, they say. As if they would let go of nuclear missiles? [Would have turned anyone into Hitler then, to see this is right.] The debate continues today, as to how close we were to nuclear war; is also however, surely Kennedy and Khrushchev both, were saner then that.
Fortunately, unbeknownst to any audience, both countries were communicating behind the scenes. Kennedy agreed to remove nuclear missiles from Turkey; and the Soviets removed their nuclear missiles in Cuba. Crisis over.*

After the Cuban crisis, Kennedy pleaded for talks about disarmament. 1961, and both nations agreed they should have a nuclear test ban treaty. Then, come September, the Soviets began ground nuclear testing. �.What of our environment! Kennedy asked the U.N. to help, saying that the U.S. will now have to do this same nuclear testing. �The president then pleaded, in a speech, for peace, working together. �.A few weeks later, Khrushchev accepted the U.S. proposed test band treaty. �.�This treaty�is particularly, for our children and grand children,� said President Kennedy, �and they have no lobby in Washington.�

Meanwhile, France declared they are going to do nuclear testing. And now, U.S. satellites see the Soviets have more nuclear missiles then the U.S. �The �missile gap� problem.

Israel had the nuclear bomb. Israel will need to have international inspections then. Israel showed fake sites. This issue was never resolved; and inspections never occurred at their Dimona Nuclear site / never under IAEA control.

The countries with unstable governments and bad economic conditions: the U.S. government acts with the idea that we are preventing the spread of communism, if the U.S. supports only those rulers who will not do right by the poor in their countries? Rather, communism and merely wanting fair pay for everyone: treated as if the same thing. ---Why, the CIA helped Iraq�s newest more pro western government now, the new Ba�ath government, to be rid of leftists and communists. The real intent was to protect U.S. business. Mobil, Bechtel, and British Petroleum. [Saddam Husain was a Ba�ath party member.] Although, in those days, there was honest fear concerning the spread of Soviet or Chinese Totalitarianism; still, this pattern to deem any candidate in a foreign country who says he cares about the poor, as if Communist, thus totalitarian, only revs up, very much hurting many Latin American countries, -- as the U.S. will be against any candidate who wants to help those in poverty. Thus, the U.S. promoted poverty throughout the world. An educated society will stop such abuses more quickly. Is only to say, the public hears rhetoric only, and never has all the facts, typically.

At this hour, Soviet ally, North Vietnam was winning the war to over take Western supported South Vietnam. �..The domino theory: the fear that Communism [totalitarianism actually], will take over the world, as one domino falls upon another, and then it falls, et cetera. �.That was the fear, when Kennedy sent Vice-president Johnson to South Vietnam on a fact finding mission. Johnson, along with Kennedy�s military advisors, recommended the U.S. send money and supplies, or our worst fears will materialize. By 1963, eleven thousand military advisors were in South Vietnam; and the U.S. now, was spending a million and a half dollars a day, in Vietnam. The Vietnam war, lasting almost 15 years, began with hardly a notice.

South Vietnam: a nation created by the United States, because the Soviets created North Vietnam. Ngo Dinh Diem, a former Vietnamese official, became ruler, then dictator of South Vietnam. Totalitarianism in any sort of way, is. 1963, and a Buddhist monk set himself on fire in protest of this unjust government. Other Buddhist monks did the same. The Diem regime raided Buddhist pagodas and temples, murdering 30, arresting 1400 people. �.This isn�t what the U.S. wanted, actually. �A CIA man, Lucien Conein, met secretly with Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, who was for the coup de tat a South Vietnamese General was preparing for. The plotters did overthrow the government, and executed Mr. Diem.

Already, due to activism, protests, against racial injustice here in the U.S., schools were being integrated forcibly by the Supreme Court, (Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce high school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957. As Rosa Parks, (the woman who was arrested for sitting in the white area on a public bus), took one of the first trips, 13 months later, on the same public bus system, when it became officially integrated. Famous activists, Martin Luther King Jr., E.D. Nixon, Ralph Abernathy, and George Smiley, joined her on this trip. And yes, they all sat in the front seats of the bus, -- where once only white people were allowed to sit. The Jim Crow laws were being struck down. However, private enterprise also needed to get this fact. The need for a civil rights amendment to the constitution, now. [Although, actually, racism was illegal in 1776.] As mathematical ratios have it, that the unemployment rates for whites and blacks proved black people are not allowed to work for being black. White men make more money for the same job, then women, or people who are not white.

At first, people standing up or protesting in some way, against the Jim Crow laws, for equal rights, were not a large crowd. Arresting them all, was too easy to do. So Civil Rights Leaders educated the high school and college students. First the elementary children and high school females came out in protest. Lastly, the high school and college young men came out in protest. Why: Because they were most likely the ones who would be beaten up.

1962. During the hot summer days in Birmingham, Alabama, all public recreational facilities were closed, including the swimming pools. Why? To avoid integrating these facilities. The white wealthy people had their country clubs to go to. And, as is always the case, the silent moderates lived in Alabama also, but were overcome by the threatening Ku Klux Klan, who had helped elect Eugene �Bull� Connor as Birmingham�s police chief. Bull received that name naturally, -- was a bully; and he threw any and all protestors into prison. ..In this climate, Martin Luther King Jr. and Reverend Ralph Abernathy led 50 hymn-singing marchers towards Birmingham�s city hall on Good Friday. 1963. In violation of a court order. All 50 were arrested by the Bull. �.In jail, Reverend King wrote a letter on the edge of a newspaper, and on toilet paper, explaining why it is important to have marched that day.

1963. Black students and a professor did a �sit in� at a segregated Woolworth�s lunch counter in Jackson, Mississippi. White young men, looking terribly odd, crazy frankly, in a photo of this incident: They poured soda, ketchup, and mustard over the heads of the protestors, -- who never left a segregated restaurant until the police dragged them out. �Protestors were often physically assaulted. �.As protestors took classes to learn how to turn the other cheek, and be the brave, True ones. [How not to take personally, what is not personal, -- self hatred hates, is never personal.]

By this time, President Kennedy had sent a civil rights bill to Congress. [For school integration, to end job discrimination, and job training.] Same year, August, 28th, A. Philip Randolph organized a huge march for freedom, for a civil rights amendment to the constitution. Baynard Rustin planned this march as you would any festival, -- 80,000 cheese sandwiches were prepared. Movie stars, musicians, and preachers all performed or spoke at this huge rally at the Washington D.C. Mall. �2,000 busses came. 21 chartered train loads of people came; and many more. 60,000 white people came to support the cause of civil rights. 250,000 showed up in all.

This was a momentous occasion. �But the casualties, those persecuted for the sake of equal rights, is a big list. To name a few: 1951, NAACP activists, Harry and Harriette Moore, in Mims, FL. ..Their home was bombed by the KKK. (1951, assisted by Medgar Evans, the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, the RCNL, in Mississippi, distributed 50,000 bumper stickers. �don�t buy gas where you can�t use the restroom.�) (The Supreme Court in 1954, in Hernandez V Texas, includes all groups of color in the civil rights legislation. ..As Charles Diggs Jr. is the first black member to go to Congress from Michigan.) �1956, Autherine Lucy is admitted to the University of Alabama. Whites rioted; and Lucy was suspended. �1956, Nat King Cole, black singer, was assaulted by white racists. Same year, Nat King Cole�s Television show is unable to gain any advertisement sponsors. �.1957, the Governor of Arkansas calls out the National Guard to prevent school integration. President Eisenhower nationalizes the National Guard, and calls out the U.S. army, to integrate Little Rock High School. �1960, Alabama grand jury indicts Martin Luther King, Jr. for tax evasion. King went to jail many times, mostly for peaceful protests. �He and many others, for instance, were arrested at Atlanta�s Rich�s Department Store, at a sit-in. �It was actually little Ruby Bridges, the first black student to attend an all white elementary school in New Orleans, who was the model for Norman Rockwell�s painting in 1964. �1961. Voter Registration activist Herbert Lee was murdered in McComb, Mississippi. � Freedom Riders left Washington D.C. on a Greyhound Bus, shortly after the U.S. Supreme Court integrated interstate transportation. One Freedom Riders bus was attacked and burned in Anniston, Alabama. A mob beat the Riders up, who arrived in Birmingham. �Same year a white mob attacks Reverend Ralph Abernathy�s First Baptist Church. 1,500 people there, the Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King, Jr.. �Robert Kennedy, the Attorney General, brought in Federal Marshalls to protect them. �.2 black churches in Sasser, Georgia, were burned down. �When the Supreme Court told Mississippi that they do have to allow James Meredith, to be the first black student into a university, some white people rioted. Oxford resident Ray Gunter and a French photographer were murdered.. 1963, new governor in Alabama, George Wallace, calls for segregation forever. �CORE activist William L. Moore is murdered in Gadsden, AL. �. There were mass demonstrations in Alabama. ..Fannie Lou Hamer, a SNCC worker, was badly beaten by police in Winona, Mississippi, when their bus stopped there. �.Governor George Wallace stood in the doorway at the University of Alabama, to stop integration. He merely moved aside when the Federal Marshal showed up. (Governor Wallace apologized for these actions, for being a racist, early 1970�s.) �..NAACP worker Medger Evers was murdered in Jackson, Mississippi. September of 1963, four girls are murdered when the 16th St. Baptist Church was bombed in Birmingham, Alabama. This is only a partial list of abuses, when Martin Luther King Jr. spoke at the huge gathering for equal rights at the Washington D.C. Mall: � I have a dream that one day down in Alabama� little black boys and girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and girls as sisters and brothers. �.Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.� From the Old Negro Spiritual, King Quoted: �Free at last. Free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last.�

President Kennedy was trying very hard to pass his �New Frontier� legislation, including all the civil rights legislation, through a Congress that had some members pandering for votes from racists. The term �socialist� was being used by these deceivers in Congress, Who knew better, even then. As if Kennedy, or anyone who is for basic justice for all people equally, fair wages, is somehow needing to move to Soviet Union. Or something. [Anyone who thinks you can allow a person to go homeless, is not believing like any real Christian, is the true reality.]

Civil rights bills, tax-cut bills, health-care, equal pay for women, aid to cities and the poor, the minimum wage increase. There was more legislation then ever before. And Congress as well, does receive credit for all the good social legislation. Meanwhile, Kennedy and Khrushchev were getting along now.

1963, and Kennedy�s Press Secretary received a letter. DON�T LET THE PRESIDENT COME TO DALLAS. It is dangerous in Texas, was the warning. But he came anyway. Great crowds showed up in San Antonio, Houston, and Fort Worth. Kennedy even shook hands with people in a parking lot. �In Dallas, it was a beautiful day. They took the top off of the President�s car; and they lowered the bullet proof windows down. �.Crowds lined the streets waving, as the President�s vehicle rolled slowly by. �When the President�s motorcade passed by an old 7 story schoolbook warehouse, 2 bullets shot President Kennedy in the head, killing him instantly. Governor John Connelly of Texas was wounded as well. The nation was heart broken.

_____________________

* I was only in Kindergarten, when President Kennedy was assassinated. A boy came into our class announcing that the President had just been murdered. After class, 12 noon, I told my mother in the school parking lot, who did not believe me. She asked the woman next to her, who verified this shocking news. �..I mention, because EVERYONE who was alive, remembers exactly when they heard the news about President Kennedy�s death.

*The Beatles changed the sound of Rock and Roll, -- forever. EVERYONE who was around, clearly remembers watching the Beatles on the Ed Sullivan Show. 1964 or so. I was in the den, sitting on the floor wearing yellow pajamas with the feet in them. --The long hair worn by the Beatles, shocked the nation as well. Shocking a status quo America, who thought it was immoral almost, for men to dare wear their hair long, -- as the Beatles hair wasn�t even all that long in retrospect only. (Short hair for women is coming in vogue as well. The Pixie.) As I had thought the Beatles long hair funny; and it looked as if their hair went up, -- I guess they were shaking their heads. [My dad brought home a Ringo doll. Push the middle of his head, and his hair went up.] --A nation where the men only wore their hair short, is fixing to become the exact opposite, ..for the young adults, teens, anyway.

*The Peace Corp needs to allow people who have no degree, ..need one to live on Earth? Why not train our people at home, trains on the job can occur with some jobs. Allow young 21 year old and older to begin their adult life giving, and receiving experience..

*During the 1930�s, I explain now, instead of before, because racism against black people, so terrible; yet, the poor black people who showed up at southern white doors for food, received help, even a job. But some of these whites did not help poor white people at all, including refusing them food; they were held in disdain. --Prejudice towards the poor, of any race, slays them again. Today, the African poor are moral; the USA poor are not, tends to be the mindset by unfair richer people. If you insult the American poor in your mind, then you will not do all that much for the African poor; because rudeness believed, hurts your basic common sense is only in integrity.

*Martin Luther King Jr. wishes everyone to remember Jackie Robinson, famous ball player who, like all black people who were not for prejudice against themselves, had to defend themselves against the accusation of being a Communist. So do remember him.

*It has been said that Kennedy had ignored a negative note from Khrushchev, and behaved as if he never received it, which helped solve the Cuban Missile crisis. But the student investigators ought to investigate this matter.

*Ireland Funds. Kennedy dealt with. Aid for the Irish and for other people.

*�Scandalize My Name� documentary on the black listing against all black people in media who spoke out against the Jim Crow laws. Director, Alexandra M. Isles. 1999 Morgan Freeman.

*Documentary �Atom Caf�. Great footage of Nixon and Khrushchev chatting it up on television. They almost came across as funny entertainers, the both of them.

* Richard Nixon was a member of the House of Un-American Activities�. �October, 1953, Joseph McCarthy began investigating communist infiltration into the military. Attempts were made by McCarthy to discredit Robert Stevens, the Secretary of the Army. The president, Dwight Eisenhower, was furious and now realized that it was time to bring an end to McCarthy's activities. Eisenhower instructed Nixon to attack McCarthy. On 4th March, 1954, Nixon made a speech where, although not mentioning McCarthy, made it clear who he was talking about: "Men who have in the past done effective work exposing Communists in this country have, by reckless talk and questionable methods, made themselves the issue rather than the cause they believe in so deeply." --- Spartacus Education Website [According to Wiki pedia site, John F. Kennedy was sick the day they voted to stop McCarthy. No one knows how he would have voted; but his father Joseph, was a good friend of McCarthy�s.]

*�Israeli government, David Ben-Gurion, in a speech to the Israeli Knesset on December 21, 1960, stated that the purpose of the nuclear plant at Beersheba was for "research in problems of arid zones and desert flora and fauna,�� wikipedia �When Ben-Gurion met with Kennedy in New York, he claimed that Dimona was being developed to provide nuclear power for desalinization and��

* The great civil rights march upon Washington D.C., 1963: Reverend King did not allow hate speeches to occur. �Malcolm X, born 1925-1965. Born Malcolm Little. His early life was bereft due to gross racism. They say his dad was murdered by a racist, and his uncle had been lynched. 1952, leaving prison, Malcom X was now a member of the Nation of Islam, who were for black supremacy, for separation of the races, -- for a separate state. This was his state of mind when the big gathering at the Washington mall in 1963 occurred. As he was a protestor, seeing jail, already, during the 1950�s. A year later or so, after the March of '63, he separated from the Nation of Islam and created his own organizations, the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of African-American Unity. He no longer agreed to the separation of the races; as he felt to cooperate better with the prevailing civil rights leaders, -- who he said the white people should thank. As not all African Americans were so calm. He was also however, for "black self-determination and self defense�, still. But what he promoted mostly in young African American people, was pride in your heritage. Is a good thing. [Pride defined, appreciative of your genealogical past, ones fore fathers. False pride is built in ego, and deceit, is something other, -- if you and yours pretend you are better somehow.] [info off of Wiki pedia] As white people, beginning mid sixties, are very proud of any Native American ancestry, they may personally have. I say only, because this too, is now the opposite of what was occurring. Respect is better term to use, then pride, for appreciating our ancestors.

Malcolm X speaking about the march of 1963: ��going to march on Washington. �march on the Senate, march on the Whitehouse, ..Congress,�. (to)� tie it (the government) up, bring it to a halt, not let government proceed. They even said they were going out to the airport and lay down on the runway,�. I�m telling you, that is what they said�.� �.��call it off�, Kennedy said. �And Old Tom said, �I can�t stop it,�. These Negros are doing things on their own. �Old shrewd Fox said, �If you aren�t in it, I put you in it. �Ahead of it. I�ll endorse it. �I�ll help it. I�ll join it.� �..�it lost its militancy. �It ceased to be angry. �why it even ceased to be a march. It became a picnic, a circus�.� ��No, it was a sell out. It was a take over�. �they told Negroes� what signs to carry, what songs to sing�� Mr. Zinn�s book

*Arrogance is ignorance. Massive arrogance is hard to bear witness to. Anyone who is poor, and has nothing but illegal laws beating their family down, of any race, appreciates the extreme abuse upon one�s own family is, -- needs to be defended. But it is education pure and simple, that works. Yes, sociopaths won�t self correct; but everyone else will.

*�A riot is the language of the unheard.� MLK ---breaking the golden rule only teaches you can. Violence will have them saying you are.

*�Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.� MLK both m.l.k. quotes from �Brainy Quote� website.

*"for Construction of the Kinzua Dam flooded 10,000 acres (4,047 ha) of Seneca nation land that they occupied under the Treaty of 1794, and forced approximately 600 Seneca to relocate to the northern shores upstream of the dam at Salamanca, New York. Kennedy was asked by the American Civil Liberties Union to intervene and halt the project but he declined citing a critical need for flood control. He did express concern for the plight of the Seneca, and directed government agencies to assist in obtaining more land, damages, and assistance to help mitigate their displacement ..".

*All these boring Acts. I list, not because anyone should memorize them, -- unless you are a secret service memorizer for the CIA, or a certain Act is especially important to note. Otherwise, concerning students, what we need to know, is only the jest of what occurred. However, Students earn automatically what occurred, is a few stats., vs. many, if truly entertained. As for too many stats, take one Act and investigate if the government program is running correctly.:

-- Trade Expansion Act, 1962, to negotiate tariff reductions on a reciprocal basis of up to 50% with the European Common market. And to provide U.S. participation in multilateral trade negotiations. 1964-67. The Kennedy Round, it was called.

-- Executive Order 62. Federally employed have collective bargaining rights.

--Federal Salary Reform Act, 1962. Federal jobs will have pay comparable to the private sector.

--Postal Service and Federal Employees Salary Act. 1962.

-- Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act 1962. Standards for overtime, safety, hours.

-- 11 member Missile Site

-- Labor Commission. Program training for youth. Overtime pay for government financed construction jobs.

-- Fulbright - Hays Act of 1961. To enlarge the Fulbright program.

--ADC 1961. Then became the AFDC. Aid to Families with Dependent Children.

--The Self-Employed Individiuals Tax Retirement Act 1962. Pension plans.

-- The Public Welfare Amendments 1962. The federal government shares in costs for rehabilitation services.

-- federal funding for foster care.

-- Federal Civil Service Retirement Benefits.

-- Civil Rights division. Anti poll tax. Amendment passed Congress 1962. Ratified 1964. 24th Amendment. There were 42 lawsuits about voting.

-- Equal Opportunity Act. 1961. To fight racism and sexism. But never did bother to enforce the Right for all to be Allowed to Work. �..No discrimination in housing. Jim Crow illegal in interstate transportation. To employ more black people in federal jobs. Cannot discriminate if you are a government contractor. �The Plan for Progress� it was called, to get business on board with the Equal Opportunity Act.

-- Omnibus Housing Bill 1961. Department of Housing and Urban Affairs. Federal Housing Administration Urban renewel. Housing programs. Public Housing. [The homeless need not wait for housing; government legally/morally, must pay the rent, while paying attention to a person, prepares him to support himself, unless disabled.]

-- Title V of the Housing Act 1961. Loans for housing an farmers.

-- Senior Citizen Housing Act 1962

-- Manpower Development and Training Act 1962. For displaced workers.

-- Area Redevelopment Act

-- National Defense Education Act for vocational training.

-- Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act.

-- The National Institute of Mental Health.

-- Medicare [Medical health bill]

-- Community Health Services and Facilities Act 1961.

-- The Health Services for Agricultural Migratory Workers Act 1962.

-- Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act 1938 was strengthened. Food and Drug Administration. Kefauver - Harris Drug Amendment 1962.

-- Vaccination Assistance Act. 1962.

-- Social Security Act was amended 1963, for crippled children and parental care. Research.

-- The Mental Retardation Facilities Construction Act 1963.

-- The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. 1961. For women�s equality.

*�A History of US ..third edition. All the People 1945-2001� by Joy Hakim Oxford University Press NY @1993, 1999, 2003, Joy Hakim

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