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Date Posted: 10:33:49 01/05/03 Sun
Author: 何焯華條賓周+歡迎炸佢: jameslam@hkpro.com.hk
Subject: 淨屌何焯華條仆街呢+歡迎炸佢: nancychow@hkpro.com.hk
In reply to: 何焯華條賓周+歡迎炸佢: jameslam@hkpro.com.hk 's message, "淨屌何焯華條仆街呢+歡迎炸佢: nancychow@hkpro.com.hk" on 19:52:37 12/28/02 Sat

Land economics and planning1(96/97)
Answer 4 questions
Answer 2 from Part A and 2 from Part B

Part A

1. Discuss the factors which influence the economic life of buildings and explain their impact.

2.’Given that traffic flows are expected to continue to rise, Britain’s cities should be redeveloped to accommodate the car.’
Critically discuss this statement.

3.Discuss the theories which explain ‘how’ urban areas grow and the factors which explain ‘why’ urban grow takes place.

4.Examine the extent to which Alonso’s bid-rent theory adequately explains the location of residential and retail development in Britain in recent years.

Part B

5.Discuss the proposition that the public can become meaningfully involved in:
(a)individual development control decisions (13marks)
(b)plan-making (12marks)

6.Critically examine the view that there are now too many listed buildings and the nation cannot afford their upkeep.

7.By reference to examples, explain the purposes and consequences of the Use Classes Order.

8.With regard to the determination of planning applications explain:
(a)the relationship between council officers and council members; (7marks)
(b)the role of development plans; and (8 marks)
(c)the scope and importance of material consideration. (10 marks)

Land economics and planning1(97/98)
Answer 4 questions
Answer 2 from Part A and 2 from Part B

Part A
1. Explain and discuss the relevant factors influencing the economics life of buildings in an urban context.

2.’Since internationally, traffic flows are expected to continue to rise, the only solution to congestion in cities is to build more roads.’
Critically discuss.

3.Examine the principal causes of urban growth, and discuss the effects of such growth upon any two land uses within a city.

4.With reference to any one model of urban land use,discuss the nature of and relationship between Ricardo’s theory of rent and that of Alonso.

Part B
5.’The extent of controls over listed buildings place an excessive burden on their owners.’ Discuss

6.Evaluate the extent to which the public can meaningfully participate in the following:
(a)statutory development plan making; (13marks)
(b)local authority development control decisions. (12marks)

7.Critically examine the purposes and consequences of designated Green Belts.

8.Evaluate the view that local planning authorities have excessive control over the design and appearance of new buildings.

Land economics and planning1(98/99)
Answer 4 questions
Answer 2 from Part A and 2 from Part B

Part A
1. Discuss and explain the economic factors which influence site values in new development, including redevelopment.

2. Discuss reasons for the growing road congestion in Britain’s cities and examine possible solutions.

3.Examine the factors that cause urban growth, and explain how growth affects the relationship between land use and land values within an urban context.

4.With reference to location theory and to the United Kingdom, discuss the economic causes and economic effects of recent changes in the spatial distribution of:
Either(a) manufactory industry
Or (b) retailing

Part B
5. Discuss the process of designating Conservations Areas and examine the likely implications from the point of view of property owners within such areas.

6. With examples of application of each, outline the significance to a property owner of:
(a)the General Permitted Development Order; (13marks)
(b)the Use Classes Order (12marks)

7.Evalauate the view that local planning authorities have excessive control over the design and appearance of new buildings.

8.With regard to the determination of planning applications explain:
(a) the relationship between council officers and council members; (9marks)
(b)the function of development plans; and (8marks)
(c)the role of third parties (8 marks)

Land economics and planning1(00/01)
There are 20 MC in part A and 20MC in part B
1. Economic rent can be defined as:
(a) any payment for the use of land above its transfer earnings;
(b) any rent which provides a profit for the landowner;
(c) any rent which equates the demand for land with the supply of land,
(d) all of the above.

2. Transfer earnings can be defined as
(a)a payment, sufficiently large, to ensure that land transfers from one user to another;
(b) a payment for the use of land at least equal to that which the second highest bidder is willing to pay
(c) a payment for the use of land reflecting the scarcity value of the land
(d)none of the above

3.Weber’s least cost location is where
(a)sale prices are maximised;
(b) wage costs are minimised;
(c)transport costs are at a minimum;
(d)none of the above

4.The urban base theory shows how:
(a)an increase or decrease in employment in ‘non-exporting’ economic activity affects the rate of urban population growth.’
(b)an increase or decrease in monetary injections or withdrawals into, or out of, an urban area will affect the rate of urban economic growth.
(c) an increase or decrease in employment in ‘exporting’ economic activity affects the rate of urban population growth.’
(d)economic activities base their head office location.

5.The housing-cost, travel cost trade-off theory of residential location suggests that, with a perfect trade-off,an increase in travel costs would result in:
(a)households relocating towards the city center (their place of work);
(b) households remaining within the same location, but moving to a cheaper house;
(c) households relocating towards the edge of town(or beyond) to benefit from lower house prices;
(d) households seeking to change jobs to reduce travel costs

6.The ‘threshold’ of a shop or shopping center is:
(a)the minimum population necessary to support the supply of a retail product from a shop or shopping center;
(b)the minimum area necessary to support the supply of a retail product from a shop or shopping centre;
(c)the minimum purchasing power necessary to support the supply of a retail product from a shop or shopping center;
(d)all of the above

7.The production cost explanation suggests that manufacturing industry shifts to rural locations:
(a)to benefit from lower wages and less trade union militancy;
(b) to benefit from lower rents,business rates and transport costs;
(c) to benefit from lower external and social costs;
(d)both (a) and (b)

8.The constrained location theory suggests that manufactory industry shifts to rural locations:
(a)to facilitate greater vehicular access;
(b)to ensure that there is more space for the expansion of the maunfacture’s premises;
(c)to increase accessibility to the manufacturer’s produce markets;
(d)due to the ‘golf course’ effect.

9.In central place theory, the ‘range’ of a good or service is:
(a)the variety of different types or models supplied;
(b)always less than the ‘threshold’;
(c) always more than the ‘threshold’;
(d)equal to the maximum distance a dispersed population will travel to purchase the good or service.

10.In central place theory, the threshold population will fall if:
(a)tastes move in favour of the good or incomes rise;
(b)population growth, as a whole, declines;
(c)due to the effects of variable topography populations in some areas find it more difficult to travel to central places of any order;
(d)tastes move against the good or incomes fall.

11.Which one of the following statement is false?
(a)’Goods that gain weight in production tend to be located closer to the market
(b)’Goods that lose weight in production tend to be located nearer to the source of raw materials.’
(c)’Goods which lose weight in production tend to be located nearer the market
(d)’Goods that require significant packaging are often located near the market.’

12.Concerning the urban-rural shift in manufacturing, which of the following statements is false?
(a)’High investment industries tend to exhibit higher levels of mobility.’
(b)’Over at least the past thirty years there has been a continuous increase in the number of worker per m square of industrial floor space.’
(c)’In general, evidence suggests that the cause of inner city manufacturing decline cannot mainly be traced to their past industrial structure.’
(d)’The shift has tended to most benefit smaller towns and New Towns.’

13.Rehabilitation generally affects net annual returns over the remaining life of a building because:
(a)gross annual returns (i.e rents) rise;
(b)operating costs fall;
(c)both (a) and (b) generally result from the rehabilitation process;
(d)grants are generally available from local authorities for repairs to listed buildings

14. The economic life of a building is generally shorter than its technical life because:
(a)buildings become derelict before the end of their technical life;
(b)redevelopment is frequently contemplated before buildings become derelict;
(c)technical standards have declined in recent years;
(d)any of the above.

15.Optimal site development entails:
(a)undertaking development to the level where the marginal cost of capital equals (declining) marginal net returns on capital investment;
(b)achieving the shortest possible construction times;
(c)the highest possible intensity of site development that the planning system will allow;
(d)maximizing gross development values.

16.The cleared site value on redevelopment equals:
(a)the Present Value of Net Annual Returns(NARs) in the next best use plus re-building costs less site clearance/preparation costs;
(b)the Present Value of NARs in the best use less re-building costs and site clearance/preparation costs;
(c)a sum equal to the capital value of the new building;
(d)a sum equal to the capital value of the new building including all professional fees.

17.Site values will generally fall if:
(a)interest rates rise;
(b)gross development values fall;
(c) construction costs per m square rise;
(d)any of the above.

18.The Buchanan Report was generally associated with which of the following responses to urban road congestion:
(a)allow congestion to be its own deterrent;
(b)re-develop cities to accommodate the car;
(c)restrict motor vehicles to reduce total urban traffic volumes;
(d)road pricing/tolling.

19.which of the following statements is false?
(a)’In some large American cities more than half the total surface area is devoted to streets and parking.’
(b)’There is less than one metre of truck and principal road (including motorway) in Britain.’
(c)’Indirect road costs mainly include road repairs, lighting and policing.’
(d)According to UK government forecast, ‘traffic volumes would rise 83% and 142% from 1988 to 2025’.

20.Which of the following statements is not true?
(a)’Economics of scale may occur at the level of individual plants but not at the wider level of the firm.’
(b)’Locallisation economics are found between firms in the same industry.’
(c)’Urbanisation economics arise from the close proximity of a large number of different activities.’
(d)’External economics include both locatisation and urbanization economics but not economics of scale.’

21.Ebenzer Howard is associated with which of the following:
(a)the promoting the doctrine of laissez faire;
(b)the development of Port Sunlight model village;
(c)the development of Letchworth garden city;
(d)founding English Heritage.

22.Which one of the following would normally be exempt from planning control:
(a)using farmland for a boot sale every Sunday;
(b)attaching a 100cm diameter satellite antenna to the roof of a house;
(c)demolishing a house that was neither listed nor in a conservation area;
(d)the erection of a 1.8 metre high brick wall along the back garden of a house.

23.Which of the following can be a material consideration in determining a planning application?
(a)the fear of local residents;
(b)precedent;
(c)the need for a particular type of development;
(d)all of the above.

24.The Mayor of London and his staff at the Greater London Authority has which of the following planning responsibilities:
(a)to make decisions on all listed building applications in the capital;
(b)the production of unitary development plans in London;
(c)the production of a Spatial Development Strategy;
(d)the implementation of the General Permitted Development Order.

25.The significance of the North Cornwall District Council case was that:
(a)a developer’s profit could be taken into account when determining a planning application;
(b)a road development had to be completed before the main development was allowed to proceed;
(c)the planning system was not being implemented consistently for all applicants;
(d)planning officers could make decisions under delegated powers.

26.The deposit stage in the preparation of a development plan is when:
(a)the local planning authority surveys its area;
(b)the inspector reports on the public inquiry into the plan;
(c)the Secretary of State approves the final version of the plan;
(d)the draft plan is made available for inspection by interested parties.

27.In relation to the Use Classes Order, which of the following would not normally need planning consent?
(a)a change from sui generic to B2;
(b) a change from A1 to A2;
(c) a change from A3 to A1;
(d) a change from A1 to A3

28.Which one of the following is not one of the five stated purposes for Green Belts given by the government in PPG2
(a)to assist in urban regeneration;
(b)to preserve the natural beauty of the area;
(c)to prevent neighbouring towns from merging;
(d)to safeguard the countryside from encroachment.

29.A section 106 planning obligation is essentially:
(a)a negative condition attached to planning consent;
(b) a means of overcoming an impediment to the grant of planning consent;
(c)a function that the local authority has to carry out under the Acts;
(d)a requirement that the local authority makes plans available to the public

30.The organization that normally advises the Secretary of State on the listing of buildings is:
(a)the Civil Trust;
(b)the Town and County Planning Association;
(c)the National Trust
(d)English Heritage

31.With regards to conservation areas, the South Lakeland District Council case established that:
(a)modern development would not be permitted in a conservation area;
(b) modern development rights would be restricted in a conservation area;
(c)the local planning authority had an obligation to consult designating a new conservation area;
(d)new development should preserve or enhance the character of the conservation area.

32.For a development which undergoes Environmental Impact Assessment which of the following statements is correct.
(a)the development will still need to obtain planning consent;
(b) the development will be exempt from planning consent.
(c) the development will always be called-in for public inquiry
(d) the development should be decided within 8 weeks.

33.Where a planning appeal is decided by a hearing, which one of the following statements is false:
(a)the parties have to bear their own costs
(b)the parties can cross-examine one another;
(c)the parties can accompany the inspector on a site visit;
(d)costs can be award against either party.

34.In relation to design guides,which of the following is correct:
(a)they are material considerations;
(b)they are produced by house-builders for areas where character is under threat;
(c)they are normally site specific documents
(d)all the above.

35.Which one of the following statements is correct
(a)the High Court can quash an inspectors decision where the inspector has acted ultra vires.
(b)the High Court can refuse to hear an appeal unless sufficient grounds are shown by the appellant
(c) the High Court can grant planning consent where the inspector dismissed an appeal but erred in law
(d)the High Court can quash an inspector’s decision where an oversight had substantially prejudicated the appellant

36.When considering development proposals in a National Park, the decision making body must give consideration to
(a)job creation for local villagers
(b)facilitating public enjoyment of the National Park.
(c)preserving the natural beauty of the National Park.
(d)how much additional cost would be involved to locate the development elsewhere.

37.circumstance would the planning authority be able to take enforcement actiop.
(a)a change of use which happened 12 years ago and has now come to light;
(b)a tall radio antenna has been erected in a back garden;
(c)the removal of decorative wood paneling from the interior of unlisted house in a conservation area;
(d)all of the above.

38.Under the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) regulations, a Schedule 2 development is one which:
(a)will automatically attract EIA;
(b)will be exempt from EIA;
(c)may have to undergo EIA depending on the view of the view of the local planning authority;
(d)will require the local planning authority to carry out the EIA.

39.The planning responsibilities of a county council would normally include which of the following:
(a)deciding planning applications related to waste disposal sites;
(b)deciding planning applications related to quarrying;
(c)producing structure plans;
(d)all of the above

40.In which of the following circumstances would British Land ( a major property owner) be most likely to qualify for compensation:
(a)the designation of a new conservation area which contained shops and premises owned by British Land;
(b) the designation of a site of special scientific interest on a farm owned by British Land;
(c)the listing of an office block owned by British Land;
(d)the inclusion of 55 hectares of British Land’s estate in a green belt.

Land economics and planning1(99/00)
There are 20 MC in part A and 20MC in part B
1. Economic rent can be defined as:
(a) any payment for the use of land above its transfer earnings;
(b) any rent which provides a profit for the landowner;
(c) any rent which equates the demand for land with the supply of land,
(d) all of the above.

2. Transfer earnings can be defined as
(a)a payment, sufficiently large, to ensure that land transfers from one user to another;
(b) a payment for the use of land at least equal to that which the second highest bidder is willing to pay
(c) a payment for the use of land reflecting the scarcity value of the land
(d)none of the above

3.A general increase in bid-rents would (subject to planning consent) result in:
(a)an outward ‘invasion’ of urban land use zones or sectors;
(b) an inward ‘invasion’ of urban land use zones or sectors;
(c)no change in the boundaries of urban use zones or boundaries;
(d)none of the above

4.The urban base theory shows how:
(a)an increase or decrease in employment in ‘non-exporting’ economic activity affects the rate of urban population growth.’
(b)an increase or decrease in monetary injections or withdrawals into, or out of, an urban area will affect the rate of urban economic growth.
(c) an increase or decrease in employment in ‘exporting’ economic activity affects the rate of urban population growth.’
(d)economic activities base their head office location.

5.The housing-cost, travel cost trade-off theory of residential location suggests that, with a perfect trade-off,an increase in travel costs would result in:
(a)households relocating towards the city center (their place of work);
(b) households remaining within the same location, but moving to a cheaper house;
(c) households relocating towards the edge of town(or beyond) to benefit from lower house prices;
(d) households seeking to change jobs to reduce travel costs

6.The ‘threshold’ of a shop or shopping center is:
(a)the minimum population necessary to support the supply of a retail product from a shop or shopping center;
(b)the minimum area necessary to support the supply of a retail product from a shop or shopping centre;
(c)the minimum purchasing power necessary to support the supply of a retail product from a shop or shopping center;
(d)all of the above

7.The production cost explanation suggests that manufacturing industry shifts to rural locations:
(a)to benefit from lower wages and less trade union militancy;
(b) to benefit from lower rents,business rates and transport costs;
(c) to benefit from lower external and social costs;
(d)both (a) and (b)

8.The constrained location theory suggests that manufactory industry shifts to rural locations:
(a)to facilitate greater vehicular access;
(b)to ensure that there is more space for the expansion of the maunfacture’s premises;
(c)to increase accessibility to the manufacturer’s produce markets;
(d)due to the ‘golf course’ effect.

9.In central place theory, the ‘range’ of a good or service is:
(a)the variety of different types or models supplied;
(b)always less than the ‘threshold’;
(c) always more than the ‘threshold’;
(d)equal to the maximum distance a dispersed population will travel to purchase the good or service.

10.In central place theory, the threshold population will fall if:
(a)tastes move in favour of the good or incomes rise;
(b)population growth, as a whole, declines;
(c)due to the effects of variable topography populations in some areas find it more difficult to travel to central places of any order;
(d)tastes move against the good or incomes fall.

11.In general, the main effect of the growing importance of multipurpose shopping has been:
(a)to increase the number of fridge-freezers demanded by the population;
(b)to concentrate shopping into fewer trip (increasing to higher order centres) and to reduce trips to lower order sub-centres;
(c)to promote the growth of multiple branch stores;
(d)none of the above.

12.Which one of the following statement is false?
(a)’Goods that gain weight in production tend to be located closer to the market
(b)’Goods that lose weight in production tend to be located nearer to the source of raw materials.’
(c)’Goods which lose weight in production tend to be located nearer the market
(d)’Goods that require significant packaging are often located near the market.’

13.Concerning the urban-rural shift in manufacturing, which of the following statements is false?
(a)’High investment industries tend to exhibit higher levels of mobility.’
(b)’Over at least the past thirty years there has been a continuous increase in the number of worker per m square of industrial floor space.’
(c)’In general, evidence suggests that the cause of inner city manufacturing decline cannot mainly be traced to their past industrial structure.’
(d)’The shift has tended to most benefit smaller towns and New Towns.’

14.Rehabilitation generally affects net annual returns over the remaining life of a building because:
(a)gross annual returns (i.e rents) rise;
(b)operating costs fall;
(c)both (a) and (b) generally result from the rehabilitation process;
(d)grants are generally available from local authorities for repairs to listed buildings

15. The economic life of a building is generally shorter than its technical life because:
(a)buildings become derelict before the end of their technical life;
(b)redevelopment is frequently contemplated before buildings become derelict;
(c)technical standards have declined in recent years;
(d)any of the above.

16.Optimal site development entails:
(a)undertaking development to the level where the marginal cost of capital equals (declining) marginal net returns on capital investment;
(b)achieving the shortest possible construction times;
(c)the highest possible intensity of site development that the planning system will allow;
(d)maximizing gross development values.

17.The cleared site value on redevelopment equals:
(a)the Present Value of Net Annual Returns(NARs) in the next best use plus re-building costs less site clearance/preparation costs;
(b)the Present Value of NARs in the best use less re-building costs and site clearance/preparation costs;
(c)a sum equal to the capital value of the new building;
(d)a sum equal to the capital value of the new building including all professional fees.

18.Site values will generally fall if:
(a)interest rates rise;
(b)gross development values fall;
(c) construction costs per m square rise;
(d)any of the above.

19.The Buchanan Report was generally associated with which of the following responses to urban road congestion:
(a)allow congestion to be its own deterrent;
(b)re-develop cities to accommodate the car;
(c)restrict motor vehicles to reduce total urban traffic volumes;
(d)road pricing/tolling.

20.which of the following statements is false?
(a)’In some large American cities more than half the total surface area is devoted to streets and parking.’
(b)’There is less than one metre of truck and principal road (including motorway) in Britain.’
(c)’Indirect road costs mainly include road repairs, lighting and policing.’
(d)According to UK government forecast, ‘traffic volumes would rise 83% and 142% from 1988 to 2025’.

21.The plan-led system means that:
(a)local planning authorities will always rigidly follow the policies in their development plans;
(b)developer’s planning applications will always follow the proposals in the local development plan;
(c)planning inspectors will always hold a local plan inquiry to hear representations made by third parties;
(d)planning applications will be determined in accordance with the development plan unless material considerations indicate otherwise.

22.The ‘scope’ of an Environment Assessment defines:
(a)the mitigation measures required to successfully implement the development project;
(b)the particular aspects of the environment which will be assessed;
(c)whether the scheme falls under Schedule 1 or Schedule 2 in the environment assessment regulations;
(d)all of the above.

23.Which one of the following produces a structure plan:
(a)a borough council;
(b)a district council;
(c)a country council;
(d)an urban development corporation.

24.Which one of the following would ordinarily be exempt from planning control:
(a)using land for a market once a month;
(b)a 120 cubic metre extension on the back of a terraced house;
(c)land tipping;
(d)the ererction of a tall radio mast.

25.A ‘Grampian Condition’ attached to a planning consent means that:
(a)the condition is onerous and the courts would strike it out;
(b)noisy plant and machinery cannot operate at unsociable hours in the vicinity of existing residents;
(c)a road has to be built before a development can start;
(d)S. 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 is being used by the local planning authority.

26.The government’s policy in PPG1 on the design and appearance of buildings states that:
(a)local planning authorities should concentrate on the detailed design of building elevations;
(b)these are matters of proper public interest;
(c)local planning authorities should produce design guides;
(d)matters of design are the sole concern of architects and their clients.

27.Which one of following is not one of the four key criteria used by the Secretary of State when listing a building:
(a)a recommendation by English Heritage;
(b)group value;
(c)historical associations;
(d)historic interest.

28.Amongst other things, Ebenezer Howard is remembered in the history of planning because of:
(a)his reformist work which led to the passing of the 1875 Public Health Act;
(b)his authorship of ‘Garden Cities of Tomorrow’;
(c)his design of the model village at Saltaire near Bradford;
(d)all of the above.

29.An applicant can appeal against the decision of a local planning authority on the basis that
(a)the applicant believes that a condition attached to planning consent is onerous;
(b)the appeal is lodged within 6 months of the local planning authority’s refusal of consent;
(c)the appeal is on the grounds of non-determination by the local planning authority;
(d)all of the above.

30.The ‘ratchet effect’ in the Use Classes Order means that:
(a)proposed changes of use in retail frontages will be refused;
(b)changes within a use class are permitted development;
(c)changes of use which bring about environmental improvements are permitted;
(d)changes from sui generic uses are not normally permitted.

31.Convervation Areas are designated because they:
(a)are threatened by inappropriate development which is detrimental to amenity;
(b)contain listed buildings and have historic street patterns;
(c)have a rich diversity of flora and fauna;
(d)have a character or appearance which it is desirable to preserve or enhance.

32.Which one of the following is not one of the five stated purposes for Green Belts given by the government in PPG2:
(a)to preserve wildlife habitats;
(b)to assist in urban regeneration;
(c)to prevent neighbouring towns from merging;
(d)to preserve the setting and character of historic towns.

33.Third party representations are:
(a)always supported by local planning authorities;
(b)always supported by local councilors;
(c)seldom supported by planning officers;
(d)material considerations.

34.Local councilors who sit on planning committees:
(a)are responsible to the electorate during their them of office;
(b)are fully paid employees of the local authority;
(c)are professionally trained in planning;
(d)advice the Secretary of State on matters to do with planning.

35.When assessing planning applications for new development in National Parks, the first consideration of the planning authority is:
(a)to ensure job creation in these remote areas;
(b)to promote the public enjoyment of the parks;
(c)to conserve the natural beauty of the parks;
(d)to ensure that affordable homes are provided for local people.

36.In which of the following circumstances would British Land ( a major property owner) be most likely to qualify for compensation:
(a)the designation of a new conservation area which contained shops and premises owned by British Land;
(b) the designation of a site of special scientific interest on a farm owned by British Land;
(c)the listing of an office block owned by British Land;
(d)the inclusion of 55 hectares of British Land’s estate in a green belt.

37.An Environment Assessment is normally carried out by:
(a)scientists and other experts acting acting for the Secretary of State;
(b)specialist advisers acting for the local planning authority;
(c)consultants acting for the developer/applicant;
(d)an appropriate professional team acting for the planning inspector.

38.If a listed building is in a poor state of repair and deemed to be at risk, what would be an appropriate first step to remedy the situation:
(a)the local planning authority can compulsorily purchase the property;
(b)the owner can apply for a certificate of immunity from listing;
(c)a building preservation notice can be served by the local planning authority;
(d)the local planning authority can serve a repairs notice on the owner.

39.A local planning authority could legitimately take enforcement action in which one of the following circumstances:
(a)a planning application that had not been implemented in accordance with the approved drawings;
(b)an unauthorized change of use from a shop(A1) to an office (B1) which first happened 12 years ago;
(c)an intensification in the use of a warehouse with an ancillary office use originally granted consent 8 years ago on an industrial estate;
(d)a change of use from a bank(A2) to a shop (A1) which happened without the local planning authority’s knowledge two years ago, but which has now been notified to them by neighbouring property owners.

40.Which of the following would not normally be a material consideration in the determination of a planning application:
(a)objections by a conservation organization to a development which would cause a loss of wildlife habitat;
(b)a developers projected profit margin arising from a proposed single use commercial development;
(c)the need for new development, such as housing, in the local area;
(d)a planning policy guidance note(PPG) issued by the DETR on a subject similar to the development being considered.

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