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Date Posted: 20:30:26 11/19/02 Tue
Author: J
Subject: Ch15 - The Birth of Jim Crow

I. The Birth of Jim Crow
A. barely any southern support of racial equality
i. southern businesses began to segregate blacks and whites b/c it was not illegal
B. Plessy vs. Ferguson
i. ruled that on railroads, separating white and black cars was not segregation if the conditions were the same
a. this boiled over into the school system and one case, Cumming vs. County Board of Education, it was ruled that, even if the conditions were not the same, it was not illegal to separate white and black schools
C. growing white supremacy
i. in many areas, disenfranchisement started as soon as reconstruction ended
a. the fear of poor blacks and poor whites uniting and the growing feelings of prejudice led to the widespread white support of further disenfranchisement
D. Restricting the Franchise
i. the south began looking for ways to get around the 15th amendment
a. they put large taxes on voting documents, many of which most blacks couldn’t afford
b. the “literacy” test: blacks had to show understanding of the constitution, a task difficult even for educated blacks
- literacy tests for whites were often much easier
ii. by the 1890s, black vote decreased by 62%, the white by only 26%
a. southern government noticed poor whites couldn’t pass the literacy test
b. it was ruled that if you had an ancestor that voted before reconstruction, you could vote, thus enabling the poor white population, access to the polls
c. in the end, this so called “grandfather law” was voided, but the literacy test still stood
d. let states define own suffrage laws
E. White Control Perpetuated
i. Jim Crow Laws
a. an elaborate system of segregation, reaching into almost every aspect of southern life
- blacks and whites could not sit in the same railroad cars
- sit in the same waiting rooms
- use the same bathrooms
- eat at the same restaurants
- or sit in public theaters
b. blacks had no access to many public parks, beaches or picnic areas; and they could not be patients in many hospitals
c. most of all: the j.c. laws stripped blacks of their social, economic, and political gains of the 19th century
F. Lynching
i. in the 1890s, there was growing violence against blacks
a. during that decade, the average lynchings per year were 187 , more than 80% in the south
b. no matter what the reason for a lynching, blacks were denied laws to protect them and denied the opportunity to prove their innocence
ii. there were some anti-lynching movements, but most did not go very far, and some even promoted white unity among the higher southern classes

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