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Date Posted: 01:21:12 10/24/02 Thu
Author: Agent J
Subject: Ch10 - The Changng Family

I. The Changing Family
A. 2 major changes
i. the movement of families from rural to urban homes
a. instead of kids inheriting land from parents for their futures, they went out and got city jobs and were on their own
ii. the shift of income earning from working out of the home and into the shop, mill, or factory
B. The Declining Role of the Family
i. in the rural areas, particularly the northwest, the farms got bigger so with the family alone tending them the crops could not survive
a. instead, farmers used hired male workers to tend their farms
b. this freed women from heavy labor but took them out of the principal income producing activites of the farm
-the women began to work increasingly at domestic tasks such as cooking, sewing, gardening, and dairying
i. in the urban areas, most work and income earning activites were performed outside the home
a. once again the women stayed home and the primary purpose of the home was no longer to produce income, but more on housekeeping, child rearing and other domestic concerns
C. Falling Birth Rates
i. in 1800, a woman was expected to give birth 7 times during her child bearing year, that declined to 5 times by 1860
a. the birth rate fell most quickly in urban areas and among middle-class women
b. causes:
- the availability of some birth control devices
- a significant rise in abortions (which may have terminated approx. 20% of all pregnancies in the 1850s.)
- most important cause: changes in sexual behavior (i.e. an increase in abstinence)
ii. this deliberate effort among men and women to limit family size was the reflection of a much larger shift in the nature of society
a. economy was becoming increasingly organized
b. production was moving out of the home
c. individuals were coming to expect more from the world
- people placed more emphasis on calculations about the future (demonstrating why careful decisions about bearing children were important
d. this all expressed the increasingly secular, rationalized, and progressive orientation of the rapidly developing American North

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